Preschool Observation Essay

There is growth and development in a child if he or she shows the necessary skills or milestones for his or her age. This essay is a case study of a pre-school child. An observation was done to determine whether the child has matured intellectually, emotionally and physically with her age. The child, who is two years and nine months old, was observed while she was in her play room with her mother one hour before her bed time. Below is an account of the observation. The child is kneeling on the floor and is opening a box of toys. She places blocks and cubes on the floor. Her mother joins to play with her. When her mother asks her what she is taking out of the box, she answers, â€Å"Toys. † After emptying the box, she chooses blocks with colors yellow, orange and red and she starts to form objects out of it. First, she lines up the longer orange blocks. Then, she stacks these blocks together by putting shorter blocks which are colored yellow and red on top of the orange blocks. The resulting object is like a train. Afterwards, she disassembles it and creates another object which looks like a phone and she pretends to talk to someone else with it. Next, she takes the red and orange blocks and forms a square using three longer blocks supported by one longer block and two shorter blocks underneath. The shape is not recognized by her mother so she asks her, to which she replies â€Å"toys. † Then she tries to tell a story as she makes gestures and actions and she tries to explain but only the words â€Å"she,† â€Å"ride,† and â€Å"ice cream† are intelligible. After explaining, she says, â€Å"Look at this†¦ These are toys†¦ Place this here† as she places a cube on top of the object. After a few minutes, a cat’s cry is heard from another room. She recognizes it and says â€Å"Cat†¦ Cat meow. † A little later, she gets a cloth and wipes her nose. Her mother asks what is wrong and she says, â€Å"Mommy, nose† to probably mean that she has a running nose. After a while, she counts from one to ten the blocks she formed into an object. Then, her mother asks her the color of a block and she answers â€Å"red† but she cannot recognize the colors pink and blue when she was asked. After that, her mother asks how old she is and she quickly answers â€Å"Two† and shows her two fingers. By and by, she sees a picture book, which is an atlas for children, on the shelf. She points at it and articulates â€Å"Book†¦ Read book. † Her mother gives her the book. She starts to turn the pages one by one and she recognizes pictures of a cow, earth, water, stars, bird, fish, and a dog especially when her mother points out a picture and asks her the names for those pictures. Her mother also teaches her the names of a few of the pictures such as a whale and a bear. She is quick to remember the image of a bear because when she was near the end of the book, she suddenly asks, â€Å"Where bear? † and she turns back the pages of the book to find it. She exclaims, â€Å"It’s here! † when she found it. Her mother tries to help her turn the pages of the book but she exclaims, â€Å"Wait! † and continues to turn the pages on her own. There was a time when she mentions the word â€Å"heavy† referring to the heavy pages of the book. She pretends to read the words written on paper and looks at the pictures most of the time. Furthermore, she turns back to the pages she has already seen again and again. She also recognizes pictures of babies because when her mother asked her what can be seen on the page with baby pictures, she responds, â€Å"Baby. † Her mother then asks her how many babies there are and she accurately counts from one to three. Since it was almost her bedtime, her mother tells her to go to sleep, she says, â€Å"Wait. No sleep† but yawns. Then, she stands up, says â€Å"Me sleep,† goes to the door of her bedroom and opens it. Once inside the bedroom, her mother undresses her and dresses her up for sleeping. While dressing up, she tries to help by lifting her arms to fit to the sleeves of the shirt and lifting her legs to put on the pajamas. After that she says, â€Å"Mommy, milk. † So, her mother gets her milk, gives it to her and she drinks it from a cup. Based on the observation, the child displays the common developmental milestones of a two to three-year old preschool in terms of her cognitive, socio-emotional and motor skills. These are enumerated below: Primarily, the child exhibits the following cognitive skills of most two-year old children: (1) uses more than 100 words; (2) likes to take things apart; (3) uses 2 to 3 word sentences; (4) refers to self as â€Å"me†; (5) verbalizes desires; (6) enjoys looking at one book over and over; (7) points to body parts (Powell & Smith); (8) recognizes familiar pictures; and (9) asks for items by name (Developmental Checklist). Moreover, she demonstrates what other three-year children can do such as: (1) naming pictures of a book; (2) naming at least one color; and (3) knowing and telling her age (Goodbye Babyhood). Aside from these skills, it is observed that she can recognize animal sounds and she can already count from numbers one to ten. Furthermore, the child demonstrates the following socio-emotional skills: (1) shows awareness of parental approval; (2) displays independence to do things on her own; and (3) likes to imitate adult activities such as talking on the phone (Miss Independent). In addition to this, she can already perform motor skills such as: (1) opening a box; (2) building or stacking up small blocks; (3) using toys appropriately; (4) using a cup well; (4) dresses up with help (Miss Independent); and (5) turning pages of a book two to three at a time (Developmental Checklist). In conclusion, the preschool child who has been observed is on the right track in the growth milestones children of her age range develop. She has progressed in her cognitive, socio-emotional and motor skills as a two-year old child. Works Cited â€Å"Developmental Checklist for Infants and Toddlers. † Jacksonville Medicine. March 2000. University of Florida, Jacksonville Early Intervention Program for Infants and Toddlers. 11 March 2009.

Fairness Principle

Compare and contrast the guiding principles of the Global Business Standards Codex and the Mixed Framework principles. Global business standards codex captures eight major underlying principles in which ethical behavior can be interpreted and evaluated. The eight ethical principles are fiduciary, property, reliability, transparency, dignity. fairness, citizenship and responsiveness. Fiduciary Principle. As part of the legal structure of a business organization, each officer and director of a company has a legal fiduciary duty to act in the best interest of the stakeholders and other employees within the firm.Furthermore, there is also an implied fiduciary duty for every employee within the organization to also act in a way that generates positive benefits for the firm. Property Principle. The property principle is based on the belief that every employee should respect property as well as the rights of the owners of the property. This principle has been expanded to intangible property and now also includes the misappropriation of intellectual property or other types of information.It expected that an employee would protect the tangible and intangible assets of the firm and the employee should be a good steward to the resources the employee has access to. Reliability Principle. It is based on the belief that it is the employee’s responsibility to honor the commitments he or she has made to the firm. It is expected that the employees will follow through with the promises and commitments that have been made between the employees and the firm. Transparency Principle. It is based on the belief that every employee should conduct business in a truthful and open manner.It is expected that the employees will not make decisions based on a personal agenda and not to act in a descriptive manner and to keep accurate and current records of all the business obligations that are currently the responsibility of the employee. Dignity Principle. It is based on the belief th at each employee needs to respect the dignity of all individuals. It encourages the enhancement of human development not only within the company and marketplace, but also in the society at large. Therefore, any type of humiliation coercion, or other type of human offenses is in direct violation of the dignity principle. Fairness Principle. It is based on the belief that stakeholders who have a vested interest in the firm should be treated fairly. There are four types of fairness: reciprocal fairness, distributive fairness, fair competition and procedural fairness. Reciprocal fairness addresses the issues of treating another party fairly and having the other party treat the firm fairly. Distributive fairness is based on the assumption that the allocation of finite resources within the firm will be distributed fairly based on maximizing the benefits of those allocations.Fair competition focuses on the fair treatment given by the firm as it interacts with its existing and potential competitors, Procedural fairness deals with ensuring that parties that interact with the firm are treated fairly from a due process perspective. Citizenship Principle. It is based on the belief that every employee should act as a responsible citizen in the community. It is also expected that employees respect the laws of the community. Furthermore, it is expected that employees protect and preserve public goods or commons available to the community. It is also expected that employees should be cooperative with community officials.Responsiveness Principle. It is based on the belief that employees have a responsibility to respond to requests for information about the operations from the various stakeholders. As a result, employees must not only reply to stakeholders’ request for information, but also be responsive to ideas presented by the stakeholders to help improve the operations of the firm. A responsive firm is expected to react in a timely manner to resolve any outstanding issues that have been raised by the employees, interest groups, suppliers, the local community and any other stakeholders that has a vested interest in the company.Mixed Framework principles:a)Fidelity: an individual needs to keep explicit and implicit promises.b)Reparation: an individual must act an repairing the conseque nces for previous wrongful acts.c)Gratitude: an individual must be able to show gratitude for the kindnesses that others have given him or her.d)Justice: an individual should try to see that any goods are fairly distributed.e)Beneficence: an individual should focus on trying to improve the lives of others.f)Self-improvement: an individual should improve oneself by focusing on virtue and intelligence.g)Noninjury: an individual should not cause any harm to others.

Movement in education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Movement in education - Essay Example It is further stated that movement affects the brain which is activated during physical activity. The movement enhances the reading with utmost alertness, emotions are monitored and emotional intelligence is regulated through appropriate expressions. The movement also enhances the creativity by memorizing the past which can lead to self confidence. Children’s given physical education training so that their main movement center of brain remains activated enabling effective concentration during class hours. K-12 students are involved in creative topics enhancing their individual creativity. Physical activity is an important factor in building the students brain and physical fitness. Physical education is essential and should be made mandatory and part of the curriculum. All the schools in country should include various activities as part of the curriculum so that students don’t get sleepy sitting in the classroom. Physical activity like exercise, playing, creative development and all other activities apart from education which may build and develop brain’s activeness should be included in the curriculum. It was previously assumed that the physical and mental are separate and it is necessary to concentrate hard on books to be mentally strong. Further it was assumed that physical education may distract mental ability from the academic activity which was the main reason for reduction in recess and physical education in most of the school

Comparison of the german and british educational system from a system Essay

Comparison of the german and british educational system from a system perpective - Essay Example In addition a stakeholder analysis for both educational systems will be included as part of the comparison. For purposes of this particular comparison, stakeholders will encompass teachers and quality assurance units. Education in the United Kingdom (UK) is required for everyone between the ages of five to sixteen. This is the definite bare minimum length of time that students attend educational institutions. More and more, young students go to nursery schools. Generally, they attend nursery schools at the age of three or four, As well, more Britons continue in education after the age of sixteen each year. In order to meet these demands educational institutions are have found it was necessary to expand the institutions. International students are welcome in all four parts of the UK: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. "Each of the four countries has broadly the same structure of education, and broadly the same sort of educational institutions. In Scotland, however, the system differs from the rest of the UK in a few significant respects." (PISA) The German School system is similar to the system in Brian in many ways; the time for compulsory school attendance in Germany is 10 years. In respect to elementary school, 'Grundschule students attend at ages 6 through 10, academic high school 'Gymnasium' is comprised of students between the ages of ages 11-19. Vocationally orie... Vocationally oriented 'Realschule' is available for students of ages 11-16. The diploma from the Gymnasium is the basic requirement for admission to a university, the Realschule diploma to a commercial or technical college, or to the last three years of Gymnasium. A diploma from a Hauptschule, a vocationally oriented branch with five years of education, ages 11-15, is generally required to enter a formal three-year vocational training program for skilled technicians, craftsmen etc., combined with classroom instruction at a vocational school (dual system of vocational training). (PEES) About one in thirteen of British school-age children goes through the independent system. International students under age of sixteen normally go to one of the 2,500 independent schools, which include most Britain's famous and ancient schools. Britain has a National Curriculum - a statement of the minimum learning requirements of all children at each stage in their education. This curriculum is compulsory in the state system. Independent schools are not bound by it, but in practice most of them teach what the National Curriculum demands (PEES) In Germany the figures for students beginning school wereas follows: School beginners, 2001/2002**: 796,700 children (48.5% girls), 1.9% less or down by 15,100 from the previous year, East: -2%, west: -1.9%. (PEESE) Britan differs from the German School System in the way German institutes study differ from those in England. they have the Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE), rather than GCSEs and A-levels. students go to a university or university sector college a year earlier than in the UK, and stay a year longer. students are not committed to the subject they applied to study. Educational

The Efficiency of European Container Terminals and Implications for Case Study

The Efficiency of European Container Terminals and Implications for Supply Chain Management - Case Study Example This title precisely represents the core subject of the paper. The abstract of the paper briefly discuss the main objective of the study, methodology used in the process and the final outcome of the study. It can be concluded from the statement of purpose of the abstract that the core content of the introduction of the paper is significantly matching with the basic statement of the abstract. The major purpose of the study is to determine the level of efficiency of the European container terminals. In the introduction of the study various information are given in a proper sequence. All these information are directly or indirectly related to the main purpose of the study. The main objective of this study involves the determination of the efficiency of container terminals and its implication in the global supply chain management. But before going straight into the determination process the term container terminal and its role in the global supply chain management needs to be defined. Container port functions as a link between the consumers and the producers of goods and it is mainly used in the export import industry. Container port industry, simply a part of the global supply chain industry where there is many other players who actually influence the main role of the container port industry. In the last two decades there have been two main changes in the container shippin g industry. These changes have taken place in the form of globalization in case of service coverage and provision in case of extension of logistics services. Apart from this, the introduction part also includes the nature of the competitiveness of the port industry and various external and internal challenges that this industry is likely to face. All these information are indirectly related with the main purpose of the study. It is quite clear form the introduction part of

Safe Injecting Facilities Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Safe Injecting Facilities - Term Paper Example These Safe injections sites also known as drug consumption rooms (DCRs), safe injection rooms, and supervised injection sites/facilities/centers, began in Europe in the 1980s. They now exist in cities in Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Australia. The first safe injection site in North America, Insite, began operating as a pilot project in Vancouver, BC in 2003, and was recently given the go-ahead to remain open after a Supreme Court battle with the federal government (Keen, 2003). Injection drug use continues to be associated with an array of significant health and social consequences throughout North America. These consequences are tied directly to the consumption of illicit drugs of unknown potency and composition, and the sharing of contaminated injection equipment; and indirectly, through unprotected sex with drug injectors, and through injectors’ immersion in black-market pursuits that result frequently in violent exchanges with criminals and the police. Keen (2003) states that in the United States, injection drug use accounts for approximately 25% of all cumulative AIDS cases nationwide, but closer to 50% of all cases in several northeastern States. The number of new HIV infections reported nationwide among injectors increased 300% in the 1990s, from 6,474 new infections in 1993, to 13,969 in 1995, 17,344 in 1998 and 18,882 in 1999. Disease Injectors also suffer from very high rates of hepatitis C infection – 90% of people who have injected for 5 years or more are infected - and from endocarditis, an acute infection of the heart valves that is not commonly seen among young adults. Fatal and nonfatal drug overdose (OD) is also a prevalent medical problem among injectors, and hospital emergency rooms throughout the country attend to ODs virtually everyday. Emergency room (ER) visits involving heroin alone doubled from 33,900 in 1990 to 70,500 in 1996. Some medical experts have recently declared that the United States is in the midst of another heroin epidemic. On the other hand, injectors are known to use primary care services erratically and only after they are very sick, which drives up health care costs (Drug Policy expert Committee, 2000). The argument for safe injection sites Several research studies have shown that safe injection sites have advantages for drug injectors and for the community including reduction in many of the harmful aspects of drug use on the individual (spread of infections, risk of overdose) and to society (drug-related crime, public exposure to drug injecting paraphernalia), as well as positive benefits (increase in education about safety among injectors, more drug users accessing treatment and other services). Extensive research has been conducted at Insite in Vancouver, with positive results. The argument against safe injection sites Critics have argued against the introduction of safe injection sites largely based on the principle that drug addiction is wrong, and should not be condoned in any way. The political focus on reducing harm to drug users deflects the focus from where it belongs, which is on the prevention and treatment of drug abuse. Introducing safe injection sites is seen as a step towards drug legalization, and undermines law enforcement principles and practices. Researchers conclude that police surveillance may end up scaring away the very people North America's first sanctioned safer injecting facility is intended to help. While there have been methodological criticisms of the evaluation studies supporting safe injection sites, and Insite in particular, critics on the other side argue that there is no substantial basis for these criticisms. Ultimately, the strong views on both sides

Gender and the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender and the Media - Essay Example The masculine is attributed to males while the feminine to the females. The document below analyzes the way media displays husbands as commercial or entrepreneurs while wives are always linked with kitchen or home matters (Carter 2). Mixed sentiments always feature concerning this matter some aiming to support while others stand to condemn it. I wish to counter this statement. Media is vital in creating social norms. This is because various media forms including television, film, and advertisements are available everywhere in the world today. The existence of gender roles is sole as a result of society choosing to accept them. However, the media tends to perpetuate them. According to Carter (2011), mass media like news industries, entertainment and advertising tend to portray men as well as women with stereotypes whereby ladies or wives are placed in deprived situations such as submissive and passive roles. Men or husbands, on the other hand, are usually revealed to have a likelihood of succeeding and always concerned with their occupations. Consequently, power relations and the traditional gender roles have become deeply interiorized in the sub-consciousness via the mass media. Biblically as well as according to the social set up, men are obligated to provide for the family. They are, therefore, required to be aggressive so as to put something on the table for their wives and children. The scenario of husbands being revealed as commercially oriented persons while wives as people dealing with domestic matters is an understandable fact. This is because for husbands to provide, they have to be entrepreneurs or focused on their occupations (Warren 2). Wives, on the other hand, have the right to be at home minding the domestic matters since the husband is providing. It is hence justifiable to say that husbands are commercial while wives are only meant for the kitchen matters.

Discussion - of hypothesis testing results (dissertation) Essay

Discussion - of hypothesis testing results (dissertation) - Essay Example In this model, logistics regression was applied to test the probabilities that young people consider price, effect of brand image, design, trendiness of fast fashion cloths, and effect of advertising on their decision to make a purchase. Categorical variables were considered to show how various variables affect the predictability of the decision to purchase of not within the population. Based on gender, age, and education the logistic regression provides a platform of identifying fit within the model. The application of the Chi Square in this analysis is to identify the relationship or association of two cross-tabulated variables within a population (Kocherlakota, 2010). The null hypothesis in this case is considered to show that an association exists between the cross-tabulated variables of the population. The alternative hypothesis using the chi square analysis is used to refute the null and reinstate the hypothesis (Kocherlakota, 2010). In this case, the chi square method is applied to test the association between young people’s decisions of making a purchase with price, effect of brand image, effect of advertising, design, and/or trendiness of fast fashion cloths as influencing factors. The log likelihood statistics method was used in this analysis to show the fit between coefficient estimates and data (Kocherlakota, 2010). Since data is fixed, coefficients influence the likelihood that certain outcomes will take place. In the current case, the method was applied to show how different parameters influence the likelihood of young individuals to purchasing fast fashion or not. The parameters include price, design, brand image, trendiness, and advert effects on the decisions made. H1: As it mention in the literature by Jackson (2001), price is a major determinant of the decision to buy fast fashion. In addition, a conflicting factor is also identified. The cost of fast fashion cloths does not matter to young buyers

Professional Abilities Essay Example for Free

Professional Abilities Essay There are several organizations for each professional for example: teachers, social workers, accountants and business owners just to name a few. Then there are sororities and fraternities which consist of all of these professionals in one melting pot. The professional organization which I will describe in the paper is the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). As an employee in a Child Care Facility being apart of this organization can help improve my career if I choose to become the director in a few months. The following paragraph describes the history of the organization and what it has done for the early childhood program. As a mother of 5 with 4 attending school in the public school system this organization is in the public eye and moving forward with efforts to improve the early childhood system and help teachers, parents and congress to understand how important our childrens education should be to us. I can join this organization and help to change laws that can have an impact for not only my children but also grandchildren, nieces, nephews and the children that attend my Childcare facility my eyes could be open to new information, meeting people from all aspects of life at the national meetings and even go to Washington DC to help influence them to increase the funding, or make changes to existing policies regarding early childhood education. NAEYCs mission is to serve and act on behalf of the needs, rights and well-being of all young children with primary focus on the provision of educational and developmental services and resources. National Association for the Education of Young Children has become the nations premier organization for early childhood professionals—setting research-based standards and providing resources to improve early childhood program quality, enhance the professional development and working conditions of program staff, and to help families learn about and understand the need for high quality early childhood education. Through position statements, work with other organizations, and its national voluntary accreditation system, NAEYC has been the leader in promoting excellence in early childhood education for all young children from birth through age 8. NAEYCs roots extend to the 1920s when professional researchers and educators began organizing nursery schools for young children. Concerned about the quality of the proliferating programs, Patty Smith Hill identified a multidisciplinary group of 25 individuals, among them Arnold Gesell, Lois Meek (Stolz), and Abigail Eliot, to consider the need for a new association. A public conference was held in Washington, DC in 1926. By 1929, the group was organized as the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE) and had published its first book—Minimum Essentials for Nursery Education. In 1964, NANE was reorganized as the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Also that year, the federal Head Start program was launched, focusing public attention on preschool education. In the early 1980s, concern about the quality of early childhood services available to the burgeoning numbers of families seeking child care and preschool programs for their young children led NAEYC to begin planning a national voluntary accreditation system for early childhood programs. NAEYCs work in developing position statements and setting standards for different aspects of early childhood education continued throughout the 1990s. The National Institute for Early Childhood Professional Development focuses attention on improving the quality of preparation and ongoing professional development for teachers of young children by providing a place to learn from researchers about new developments and evaluations of pedagogy, curriculum, assessment, and teacher education. By its 75th anniversary in 2001, the association was engaged in a project to reinvent its accreditation system (scheduled to be fully implemented in 2006). Funding provided by a variety of contributors has been instrumental to the success of this effort. In addition, a comprehensive restructuring of its affiliate groups (most of which successfully re-affiliated in 2004) had also been launched. Interest Forums were established as a membership benefit in 2001 to encourage communities of learning on issues related to the NAEYC mission. Funding provided by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation enabled NAEYC to establish the Supporting Teachers, Strengthening Families project to prevent child abuse and promote childrens healthy social development by helping teachers better communicate with families on difficult issues. The Association also adopted standards for professional preparation associate degree programs in early childhood education and launched plans to develop an accreditation system for these institutions. This effort has been generously supported by a number of contributors. The results of earlier efforts to build the Associations policy presence are clearly visible in 2004. Affiliates and members receive training, technical assistance and resources to help them improve the capacity of their efforts to promote good public policies and investments in affordable, high quality early childhood education programs. NAEYC is recognized as a leading voice in Congress and in state capitols on what is needed to help improve early childhood programs and services for all young children and their families, ranging from child care and Head Start, to early elementary grade reading programs and appropriate assessment. Early childhood educators look to NAEYC for journals, books, and other resources that combine a solid research base and information and features that make them highly accessible and useful for practitioners, teacher educators, and policy makers. NAEYC Conferences continue to be the meetings that just cant be missed, serving a critical convening function for the early childhood profession and providing a valuable professional development opportunity. Approaching its 80th anniversary, NAEYC is proud of its traditions, but also looks to the future. The Association is committed to becoming an ever more high performing inclusive organization that invites all individuals, families, communities and organizations to work together to improve the lives of all young children. They offer an Associate Degree Accreditation Program too many Universities that have programs in Early Childhood to make sure they are preparing their students for their career. They also offer Early Childhood professionals resources to improve their practice through training and professional development. After reading all the above information we should all be apart of this type of organization that cares greatly for the education system that our child (ren) participate in on a daily basis.

Personal Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Personal Responsibility Essay Task Personal Responsibility Thesis Rough Draft Many people have different complex ideas of what the definition of personal responsibility is, I feel mine is simple. My definition of personal responsibility is, when someone takes accountability for their obligations. To me this means that if someone accepts to do a particular project or assignment they are responsible and accountable to make sure it gets done. College success very closely relates to personal responsibility in that, in order to be successful in college you have to take personal responsibility to complete your assignments and courses on time in order to graduate when you are scheduled to. I am going to put aside time each night and find a spot in my house where I can study without distractions to complete my course work on time. To be specific, having personal responsibility means you have to be accountable for your actions. When people are holding themselves accountable for their actions they tend to work harder to complete the task correctly. They also will be certain to turn it in when it is due. Another part of the equation is taking responsibility for yourself. Being responsible means you do your assignments on time. It also means you did them correctly. By being responsible you show others you can be depended upon to fulfill your part of the task. The final portion of my definition is feeling a sense of accomplishment. Finishing a task on time and correctly gives a person a great sense of accomplishment. Being able to contribute to the team goals and be acknowledged for it makes a person feel good. I know I take a sense of pride when I am able to accomplish something I’ve been tasked with and finish it to the best of my ability and the rest of the team is happy with my efforts. In conclusion, although some people rather let others handle things, people need to be accountable for their actions for three main reasons. First, if people keep themselves accountable they will do a better job and complete their tasks on time. Second, it gives a person a sense of accomplishment and they feel good about themselves. But most importantly, it shows the other members on the team that they will do their part and can be relied and depended upon and complete their portion of the work.

Chancellor Of Germany Compared To Britains Prime Minister Politics Essay

Chancellor Of Germany Compared To Britains Prime Minister Politics Essay The Chancellor of Germany The federal government consists of the chancellor and his or her cabinet ministers. As explained above, the Basic Law invests the chancellor with central executive authority. For that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a chancellor democracy. The chancellors authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and from his or her status as leader of the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Bundestag. Every four years, after national elections and the seating of the newly elected Bundestag members, the federal president nominates a chancellor candidate to that parliamentary body; the chancellor is elected by majority vote in the Bundestag. The Basic Law limits parliaments control over the chancellor and the cabinet. Unlike most parliamentary legislatures, the Bundestag cannot remove the chancellor simply with a vote of no-confidence. In the Weimar Republic, this procedure was abused by parties of both political extremes in order to oppose chancellors and undermine the democratic process. As a consequence, the Basic Law allows only for a constructive vote of no-confidence. That is, the Bundestag can remove a chancellor only when it simultaneously agrees on a successor. This legislative mechanism ensures both an orderly transfer of power and an initial parliamentary majority in support of the new chancellor. The constructive no-confidence vote makes it harder to remove a chancellor because opponents of the chancellor not only must disagree with his or her governing but also must agree on a replacement. As of 1995, the Bundestag had tried to pass a constructive no-confidence vote twice, but had succeeded only once. In 1972 the opposition parties tried to replace Chancellor Willy Brandt of the SPD with the CDU party leader because of profound disagreements over the governments policies toward Eastern Europe. The motion fell one vote shy of the necessary majority. In late 1982, the CDU convinced the FDP to leave its coalition with the SPD over differences on economic policy and to form a new government with the CDU and the CSU. The constructive no-confidence vote resulted in the replacement of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt with Helmut Kohl, the CDU party leader. Observers agree that the constructive no-confidence vote has increased political stability in Germany. The chancellor also may make use of a second type of no-confidence vote to garner legislative support in the Bundestag. The chancellor can append a simple no-confidence provision to any government legislative proposal. If the Bundestag rejects the proposal, the chancellor may request that the president dissolve parliament and call new elections. Although not commonly used, this procedure enables the chancellor to gauge support in the Bundestag for the government and to increase pressure on the Bundestag to vote in favor of legislation that the government considers as critical. Furthermore, governments have employed this simple no-confidence motion as a means of bringing about early Bundestag elections. For example, after Kohl became chancellor through the constructive no-confidence vote in August 1982, his government purposely set out to lose a simple no-confidence provision in order to bring about new elections and give voters a chance to validate the new government through a democr atic election. Article 65 of the Basic Law sets forth three principles that define how the executive branch functions. First, the chancellor principle makes the chancellor responsible for all government policies. Any formal policy guidelines issued by the chancellor are legally binding directives that cabinet ministers must implement. Cabinet ministers are expected to introduce specific policies at the ministerial level that reflect the chancellors broader guidelines. Second, the principle of ministerial autonomy entrusts each minister with the freedom to supervise departmental operations and prepare legislative proposals without cabinet interference so long as the ministers policies are consistent with the chancellors larger guidelines. Third, the cabinet principle calls for disagreements between federal ministers over jurisdictional or budgetary matters to be settled by the cabinet. The chancellor determines the composition of the cabinet. The federal president formally appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers, at the recommendation of the chancellor; no Bundestag approval is needed. According to the Basic Law, the chancellor may set the number of cabinet ministers and dictate their specific duties. Chancellor Ludwig Erhard had the largest cabinet, with twenty-two ministers, in the mid-1960s. Kohl presided over seventeen ministers at the start of his fourth term in 1994. The power of the smaller coalition partners, the FDP and the CSU, was evident from the distribution of cabinet posts in Kohls government in 1995. The FDP held three ministriesthe Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Justice, and Ministry for Economics. CSU members led four ministriesthe Ministry of Finance, Ministry for Health, Ministry for Post and Telecommunications, and Ministry for Economic Cooperation. The staff of a cabinet minister is managed by at least two state secretaries, both of whom are career civil servants responsible for the ministrys administration, and a parliamentary state secretary, who is generally a member of the Bundestag and represents the ministry there and in other political forums. Typically, state secretaries remain in the ministry beyond the tenure of any one government, in contrast to the parliamentary state secretary, who is a political appointee and is viewed as a junior member of the government whose term ends with the ministers. Under these top officials, the ministries are organized functionally in accordance with each ones specific responsibilities. Career civil servants constitute virtually the entire staff of the ministries. The British Prime Minister The power of the British Prime Minister can be institutional, political, and personal, which means depending on his or her personality. The institutional powers derive from his or her duties; so the prime minister: Is the Head of Government Is the Chairman of the cabinet Chooses Cabinet ministers Nominates other governments members (ministers that dont belong to the Cabinet) Can reshuffle ministers Has the power of dismissal for both Cabinet and government ministers Is the one responsible for his nation in its domestic and international affairs Has patronage to elect people in several public, judicial, and ecclesiastic offices Is the head of the Civil Service Can dismiss the parliament and call for political elections. For how it concern political powers, a Prime Minister is chosen by his or her party and so he or she is also the leader of the majority party within the Parliament. This means that no one can become Prime Minister without a given party support and without a relatively long parliamentary career. Therefore, the strength of the Prime Minister depends on how high it is his control over his party. The strongest he is as the party leader, the more authoritative he is being the Prime minister and vice versa. In reality, prime ministers do not exercise power in the same way: some of them may be decisive and innovators while others may prefer a more conciliating approach. The flexibility of the British parliamentary system allows strong premierships to merge and govern. According to Almond, a Prime Minister is chosen by his or her party for an indefinite term and is thus vulnerable to losing office if its confidence wanes (168). The British prime minister can be forced to resign because of health or political reasons, and just in the second after war this happened seven times: in 1955 Winston Churchill resigned for Anthony Eden; in 1957 Anthony Eden resigned for Macmillan; in 1963 Alec Douglas-Home replaced Macmillan; in 1976 Callaghan replaced Wilson; in 1990 Major took the place of Margaret Thatcher; in 2007 Tony Blair resigned for Gordon Brown whose place was took in 2010 by David Cameron. Therefore, the Prime Minister isnt a priori guaranteed to be stable while in charge. His stability depends on his capacity to maintain control over the parliamentary majority and over the Cabinet, but its just a political capability, not a position acquired by his office or by an electoral legitimacy (like for example in Italy). In fact, the Prime Minister is not chosen by the electorate but by his or her party. Conservative and Labor party have different rules to revoke their Prime Minister: the conservative party needs the 15% of signatures of the parliamentary group to propose a no-confident vote while the labor needs the 20% plus other rigid protections.

The Divine Comedy Essays -- essays research papers

During the Middle Ages, the church was a powerful institution. It had its own government, courts, system of taxation, and laws. To live a good Christian life guaranteed access to heaven in the afterlife, and a life of sin was to be sentenced to hell. Dante Alighieri was an Italian poet, who had an admirable depth of spiritual vision and was known for his intelligence (Encarta, 1). Between the years of 1308 and 1321, Dante wrote the epic poem, 'The Divine Comedy,'; which described a journey through the afterlife. It takes place during the three days of Good Friday, when Jesus died, and on Easter Sunday when he rose body and soul to heaven. It is a moral comedy, and was written to make readers evaluate their own morals. The journey was to show readers what could happen if they live a sinful life, or if they live a godlike life. 'In the middle of the journey of our life I came to my senses in a dark forest, for I had lost the straight path. Ah! How hard a thing it is to tell what this wild and rough and difficult wood was, which in thought renews my fear! (Alighieri, 1)'; This passage tells us that Dante is lost in the middle of the woods, and he is in the middle of his life. The reason he gives for being lost is that he had become inattentive and was not paying attention to where he was going. This symbolizes how he has lost his quest for salvation. His laziness, a sin, caused him to stray from the road of salvation. He can't go back the way he came because that is the way o...

The Blood Lust :: Personal Narrative Vegetarians Papers

The Blood Lust My parents met at a party in September, 1975. A month later they left Rhode Island and drove cross-country together in the Volkswagen bus that my mom had bought for the trip. They brought along my mom's dog Sagebrush and two of her friends. Actually, the two friends, the dog, and my mom brought my dad. He wanted a ride out to his friend's place in Ohio, but ended up staying with them all the way to California. My mom's two friends left in California, and my mom and dad ended up driving home together. They didn't have much money. By the time they got to Santa Barbara, they were so poor that they stood wearing sandwich boards advertising a soup and sandwich special at the Bluebird Cafà © in exchange for a free lunch, which they split. They also worked as telemarketers and house cleaners. They ate very cheaply. Lots of cheese, my dad says, and crackers. For two weeks, my mom didn't eat; she drank only apple juice -not because they were starving poor, but because she wanted to cleanse her body. Mostly they slept in the bus, but they had friends to visit across the country, and for a while, they stayed in Virginia with my mom's father's cousin, whom they barely knew. The only times they ever ate meat were when it was served to them at people's houses, for it was far too expensive for them to buy on their own. They began to find, as they made their way across the country, that it felt heavy and unhealthy, especially red meat and pork. When they got back east three months later, they moved into a small house in Narragansett, Rhode Island, with rotting kitchen walls so soft that you could stick a finger through. One day, my mom thought back and realized, slightly revolted, that the last piece of meat she had eaten was a hotdog with sauerkraut and mustard at the Oak Hill Tavern, months ago. Right then and there, she decided that if she couldn't kill something herself, she wouldn't eat it. I was born five years later, and my mom and dad began their parental journey with the inten tion of raising a family of vegetarians. I was five years old, and pale. My parents were concerned. At about the same time they noticed I was paler than my fellow kindergarteners, my dad came down with pneumonia, from working with the insulation in our unfinished attic.

Professional Development Plan Essay

When forming teams in a professional work environment it is important to understand the personalities of your teammates to determine strengths and weaknesses. When a leader is able to define the strengths and weaknesses of the team members it is easier to delegate tasks, encourage brain storming sessions and be successful as a team. Team C is composed of five members all with great leadership skills and a desire to learn and complete excellent work together. The first week of class we completed a DISC assessment that identified our individual personality traits. According to â€Å"Disc Profile† (n.d.), â€Å"The initial DISC model comes from Dr. William Marston, a professor at Columbia University in the 1920s, who was curious about the behavior of normal people. He did not create an instrument from his theory, but others did† (Disc Overview). As a potential leader of this team, I was able to examine my own leadership styles and apply that to our assignment which is to create a professional development plan to identify the characteristics of the members to lead them to success. My DISC assessment concluded that I was a Cautious personality type. I see this in my personality. I often think or overthink what I do and tasks that I complete at work and in the school environment. I rarely rush into an assignment or partially complete an assignment. I often am very detail-oriented in projects and assignments. My leadership mentality is mainly to lead by example. I rarely will task another person without knowing exactly what is involved in completing the job. This is probably due to a desire to have control over a situation and know exactly what is involved and how long it will take to complete. Plus I am a person that prefers to build trust by having examples of competent behavior to reference. Three members of my team have the â€Å"Steadiness† personality. Betty, Shawn, and Harlan are more steady and security-oriented, meaning they prefer to know precisely what they are doing as far as job related and school related tasks are concerned. When leading them in the team I would make sure they  understand the assignments of projects we work on as a team and I may be able to help them understand the projects better by fully explaining what we would hope the result would be. This might help team members to have more confidence in the projects. Brian has an interactive personality and it shows as he is able to learn about an assignment and take charge in explaining and delegating tasks for it. Brain is very confident in his assessments of situations and tasks. He has a very good way of being so excited about an assignment that it influences others in a positive manner. If I were to lead this team, I would have to have an understanding of the strengths of Brian’s ability to motivate the team and my ability to help the others understand the project so we may be successful in completion. Betty, Harlan, and Shawn are the key players in this as they will strive to do an incredible job in maintaining a strong will to succeed and complete the tasks. As a general rule, the steady personality listens well, creates very strong relationship bonds and work very well with others (â€Å"Uniquely You†, n.d.). They are able to be objective about situations that other people might not handle well. They can handle stress well and are reliable and really care about others feelings and will often take action that will help others feel good. References Disc Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.discprofile.com/what-is-disc/overview/ Uniquely You. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.uniquelyyou.com/disc.php

Diary of a Young Girl: Anne Frank Essay

What I am about to write is a summary of The Diary of a Young Girl, written by Anne Frank. This book starts from when Anne gets her diary on her thirteenth birthday. The book is about when Anne and her family have to live in the â€Å"Secret Annex.† On her thirteenth birthday, Anne’s parents give her a diary. She’s excited because she wants something in which to confide all of her secret thoughts. Even though she has a social life, she feels misunderstood by everyone she knows. Anne starts writing about daily events, her thoughts, school grades, boys, all that. But, within a month, her entire life changes. As Jews in German-occupied Holland, the Frank family fears for their lives. When Anne’s sister, Margot, is called to appear before the authorities, which would almost surely mean she was being sent to a concentration camp, Anne and her family go into hiding. They move into a little section of Anne’s father’s office building that is walled off and hidden behind a swinging bookcase. For two years, the Frank family lives in this Secret Annex. Mr. and Mrs. van Daan and their son Peter are also in hiding with the Franks. Later, Mr. Dussel, a dentist moves in, and Anne has to share her bedroom with him. Anne is hidden from the outside world. She’s cooped up in tiny rooms, tiptoeing around during the day and becoming shocked from the sounds of bombs and gunfire at night. Luckily, the Franks have tons of reading material and a radio. Anne grows in her knowledge of politics and literature, and she puts tons of energy into studying and writing. At the same time, she grows further and further away from the other members of the Annex. There is a change in Anne when she begins hanging out in the attic with Peter van Daan. Around this time she starts having dreams about a boy she was in love with, another Peter, Peter Schiff. She sometimes even gets the two Peters confused in her head. She comes to see Peter as much more than she first thought. She finds him sensitive and caring, and they talk about everything. Eventually their relationship changes. Anne and Peter’s passion turns into a friendship and a source of comfort for them both. Another big change for Anne happens when the war seems to be ending. She hears that personal accounts such as her diary will be in demand after the war ends. We see a return to her earlier enthusiasm as she begins editing her diary with excitement. Unfortunately, this does not last. Even as Anne becomes more and more sensitive to the suffering going on in the world, her own suffering becomes unbearable. She feels completely alone. She thinks everyone hates her. She feels constantly criticized. And there is no escape. At one point, she thinks it might have been better if she and her family had all died instead of hiding in the Annex. As Anne becomes harder on those around her, she also becomes harder on herself, berating herself for being mean to the other members of the Annex. There her diary ends. Two short months after Anne’s fifteenth birthday, and two days after he last diary entry, the Secret Annex is raided. We don’t know Anne’s thoughts or feelings at that point or any time after, but we know things got worse. Afterwards Anne and the other members of the Annex were sent to various concentration cmps. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, was the sole survivor. I would recommend this book to others who like to know what happened throughout history, though I personally wouldnt read it again. I say this because I didnt really enjoy reading about her life, and I am not all that into history, except Greek mythology, but thats just me personally.

Psychological Barriers in Communication Essay

1. These barriers are categorized in the way which effects the communication psychologically. In other words the psychological barriers effect the communication in three ways. a. Emotional. b. Perceptual. c. Selectivity. 2.Emotional Barriers. As we know that emotions directly effects the communication. In other words the success and failure of the communication also depends upon the emotions of a communicator. The more the emotions of a communicator are devoted to the communication, the more the more the communication would be effective and helps in achieving the goal for the specific purpose. 3.This rule does not only apply on the communicator, but the audience as well. It depends on the audience’s response to the communication. If the emotions of the audience are attached with the communicator the communication would be successful but it fails in the opposite case. Its psychology of a person that for effective communication two individuals must be emotionally attached but if it is not the case, the communication will be ineffective. 4.Lets take an example of a political gathering, a politician standing and delivering his speech to the audience who support his party, now among those people there must be some people of the other political party, the people of his own party would be at high morale during his speech and become charged by his each word, this is because they are emotionally attached to that leader, but the other hand the people of his opposing party give a deaf ear to his words and take them as a political drama, so the communication to those people becomes ineffective between them while it will be effective between him and his party followers. 5. Now let’s take an example of two brothers Khalid and Tariq. Khalid is the elder brother. Khalid wants to forbid Tariq to meet his friends whom he thinks are a bad company. Now there are two ways of saying so to his brother the one is the polite way and the other is the harsh way. It depends on the emotional attachment of two brothers that which way would be accepted by  Khalid. There would be no emotional barrier among them and the communication will be successful but in the other case if Tariq does not bears the strictness of Khalid he will refuse his orders and will continue with his doings, so in this way there is a barrier in communication between them. 6. Perceptual Barriers. Perception is the process of gathering information through our senses, organizing and making sense of it. Previous experience and learning, attitudes and interests, needs and feelings, and the current situation all affect perception. All people do not â€Å"see† the same thing when looking at a visual image. Perception differs from individual to individual due to a variety of personal, socio-economical, and cultural differences. Age, gender, race, and past experiences are examples of personal perception filters. Young children, teenagers, and adults â€Å"see† things differently. As they grow and develop, children learn to see and comprehend relationships and themes from visuals instead of simply seeing individual objects and shapes. Socio-economic filters include occupation, level of education, environmental factors, and family upbringing. Cultural filters include language, For example, Eskimos have many unique words describing different kinds of snow. Not just adjectives that go in front of a standard word for snow, but totally different words. Customs, belief systems, and historical perspective every characteristic of an individual influences what that individual chooses to see, hear, taste, touch, and smell. How information is interpreted to create meaning for an individual is also influenced by his/her unique make-up and background. The communication becomes ineffective due to these misperceptions. There are further three cases of failure of communication due to wrong perception. It also depends upon the frame of reference of one’s mind which basically controls the perception of an individual. 7.In first case, people perceive thinks differently sometimes they think totally opposite to the thing which is being under discussion or being delivered to them. In another case example people sometimes fill in the information without checking accuracy. Even though there is no square in the image shown on right but our brain just fill in and perceives that there is a square in above image. Hence perceptual barriers are due to the different ideas and concept of people which they acquired from their lives and experiences, so there should not be any wrong perception for achieving the goal of communication. 8.Selectivity.A final  set of psychological barriers exists because of competition for peoples’ time and attention- â€Å"The selectivity block†. We all are bombarded with information sources such as newspapers, magazines, technical journals, reports, memo, letters, meetings, radio, television, videotapes, computer printouts, terminal displays and electronic mail. 9.We simply cannot absorb all this information flowing our way, so, we must screen it selectively. One factor in the way people select is timing. Some messages that may be effective at one time might be blocked or even detrimental at another time. For example a letter of congratulation or condolence sent out immediately after the event is more effective than one sent later. A meeting about accident prevention gets more attention if it follows an accident than if it precedes one. A report turned in late may have a highly negative effect if your supervisor has been anxiously awaiting it or may have little effect if he is busy with other matters. 10. Another selection factor is context. In one research experiment, subjects were shown two identical pictures of a rail road train in a station. One captioned ‘parting’ and the other ‘arriving’ on a scale ranging from ‘sad’ to ‘happy’ the subjects tended towards ‘sad’ for the first and ‘happy’ for the second. The subjects received the same data but – the suggestiveness of the context- the captions influenced the way they perceived the picture. 11.In the business world, you might be more apt to read an article if it appears in a magazine you respect or a report if it is accompanied by a cover memo from your boss. Similarly, you might tend to pay more attention to a presentation if it is held in a boardroom or a well appointed conference room, or listen more attentively to a sales talk in an elegant restaurant or hotel. 12.One more aspect of selectively, we tend to remember the extremes and forget the middle ground. Think about comments you may have gotten from a teacher, a coach or a boss. Most people remember that most positive and the most negative and forget the neutral or middle ground comments. Therefore, your communication may be blocked or ‘selected out’ simply because it does not contain startling positive or negative news. Ref: 1.http://www.educ.kent.edu/community/vlo/perception/index.html Accessed on Saturday, 20 September 2014 at 4:30 PM 2. Google images : https://www.google.com.pk/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi&ei=zm8dVILnO4mCzAPgk4CgAQ&ved=0CAQQqi4oAg Accessed on Saturday, 20 September 2014 at 4:40 PM 3. http://www.scribd.com/doc/45753743/Note-on-Psychological-Barriers-to-Communication Accessed on Saturday, 20 September 2014 at 4:20 PM 4. Mary Munter, Business Communications: Strategy and Skills 7th Edition by Prentice Hall, 1987.

Female Mill Workers in England and Japan

Ariana Delgado History, B Mr. Carmer March 24, 2013 Comparing Workers in England and Japan The Industrial Revolution was the greatest transforming event in human history. Big factors in the revolution were the human figures. Such as exhausted laborers pouring molten steel or the eight year old child working with a bottling machine. But the main focus will be the women and young girls in the textile industry of England and Japan. Most spinning and weaving for the textile industry were done in homes and small shops but a big change in human history was when process of spinning and weaving were moved to factories and done by machine.Because women and young girls have such nimble fingers they were perfect for operating the machines since they required special skills. In England the textile revolution began around 1760 and a series of inventions changed the way cloth was made in England. Many of the inventions were replacing hand weaving and spinning and moved to the factories. As textile manufactures went from the home to the factory, so did thousands of English women. In Japan the revolution began in 1868 when a teen-age emperor, Mutsuhito took over a new power in Japanese government.The goal was to make Japan an equal to western nations. To accomplish this, they began to invest in coal mines, textile mills, shipyards and many others. Technology for the investments already existed it was more of a question of seeking out advice. This is when European experts were invited to Japan to advise the Japanese on how to establish industry. In conclusion, European and Japanese female mill workers were very similar and critical to the rise in power. Some examples of differences between female mill workers are wage, age and working conditions. Female Mill Workers in England and Japan Female mill workers in England and Japan: How similar were their experiences? Nikita Thompson B period 10/6/11 If a person who thinks they have it tough with their job takes a look at the fact that a young Japanese or British girl worked longer hours, got paid less, and put up with horrendous working conditions, that person might reconsider their statement. Despite the fact that Japan and England had many similarities with female mill workers, they still had a few differences. Young children and women worked in big dangerous factories known as mills, spent more hours then the average working person today, making thread or fixing machines.So how were their experiences different? Female Japanese workers had to work more, got paid less, and accepted the role that their society gave them. Compared to English women mill workers, Japanese women worked more. English female workers only worked about 74 hours a week and Japanese female workers worked 91 hours a week (Document 5). This was bec ause the Japanese workers worked longer each day, had fewer holidays, and worked on weekends (Document 5). English female workers had more breaks, worked shorter hours each day, and did not work on weekends. This is a big difference between female English and Japanese mill workers.Even though in both England and Japan women got paid less than men, Japanese women got paid even less than English women. This is why they had so many workers (document 4). Since Japan paid the female mill workers less, they would be able to hire more workers and increase their production rate. Why would they want to pay women less? They paid women less because the women needed money and they would accept any amount given to them (Document 8). Japan and England had different ways they treated women and because of that the Japanese women accepted almost everything they went through in the mills.In Japan the women were treated a little less fairly. Japanese women were more willing to accept their role in the work force because they couldn’t do much about it (Document 11). This is the reason that female Japanese mill workers got low pay and worked more hours. In their society the men were respected more and got paid twice the amount the female Japanese woman got paid (Document 8). Having few if any rights, Japanese women would be forced to accept the role that society put on them and couldn’t put up a fight against the unfair and unlivable conditions put on them.But like the female mill workers in Japan, female mill workers in England were treated terribly as well. For example, one of the few men in the mill would beat the little children if they didn’t do their work right (Document 10). Though a beating is terrible, it has been recorded that some female Japanese mill workers committed suicide (Document 11). It’s because female Japanese mill workers worked longer hours, got paid less than British female workers, and had less freedom in society that we can con clude to the simple fact even though British and Japanese female mill workers had similarities, the Japanese female mill worker had it worse.

Astrazeneca Branch In Bulgaria Essay Research Paper

Astrazeneca Branch In Bulgaria Essay, Research Paper Managerial Communications and Research Methods Communication Feasibility Report AstraZeneca Branch in Bulgaria Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary. 32. Our end 43. AstraZeneca..54. Bulgaria # 8211 ; Basic Facts # 8230 ; 65. Britain # 8211 ; Bulgaria # 8211 ; cultural comparing # 8230 ; 86. Recommendations for get the better ofing the differences 107. Mentions..15I. Executive SummaryThe British company AstraZeneca plans to open a representative subdivision in Bulgaria. This paper is a research about the state and cultural, and communicating manners of the Bulgarians. It points out differences between British and Bulgarian civilization and communicating manners. The troubles that may happen because of these differences are in three chief countries of communicating # 8211 ; communicating with: 1/ the clients, 2/ the Governmental Institutions and 3/ the employees. We recommend the undermentioned scheme for get the better ofing them. First, the job with the fact that the clients are hapless and our medical specialties are expensive will be overcome with a strong selling scheme. Next, a particular Project Team will take attention of the communications with the Governmental Institutions. Last, the problems that may happen between the Bulgarian employees ( directors ) and the UK Headquarters will be resolved by training.II. Our GoalWe are a British pharmaceutical company that has subdivisions and representative offices in many states around the universe. Our end is to open a representative subdivision in Bulgaria in order to sell our medical specialties on that market. We will happen more about the state and its civilization in order to place possible troubles in the communicating, generate options and happen solutions how our venture can be successful.III. AstraZenecaAstraZeneca, one of the universe s taking pharmaceutical companies, was formed in April 1999 through the amalgamation of Astra AB, Sweden, and Zeneca Group PLC, UK. AstraZeneca aims to turn from its familial place, edifice on the best from both of the amalgamation spouses. It is universe figure three in ethical pharmaceuticals.The corporate central offices are in London. AstraZeneca has a extremely exper ienced Board and Executive Management Team. The Chief Executive and his Executive Team run the company. The Chief Executive is responsible to the full AstraZeneca Board for the running of the Group. The company has more than 50,000 employees worldwide. We believe passionately in invention, people, partnerships, and duties. AstraZeneca has a strong research base and powerful merchandise portfolio, designed to contend disease in seven countries of existent medical demand malignant neoplastic disease, cardiovascular, cardinal nervous system, GI, infection, hurting control and anaesthesia, and respiratory.AstraZeneca supports a broad scope of charitable, educational and environmental enterprises at an international and local level.With worldwide presence and production installations in 20 states, AstraZeneca s relationships with the communities in which we operate are cardinal to our success. IV. Bulgaria # 8211 ; Basic Facts HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: A Slavic province, Bulgaria achieved independency in 1878 after 500 old ages of Ottoman regulation. Bulgaria fought on the losing side in both World Wars. After World War II it fell within the Soviet domain of influence. Communist domination ended in 1991 with the disintegration of the USSR, and Bulgaria began the combative procedure of traveling toward political democracy and a market economic system. In add-on to the jobs of structural economic reform, peculiarly denationalization, Bulgaria faces the serious issues of maintaining rising prices under control and unemployment, battling corruptness, and controling black-market and mafia-style crime.LOCATION: Located on the Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria extends from the western shore of the Black Sea to Yugoslavia and Macedonia in the West. In the North, the Danube River forms the greater portion of Bulgaria # 8217 ; s common boundary line with Romania. Greece and European Turkey prevarication to the South and sou-east of Bulgaria.AREA: 110,987-sq. kilometer. ( 44,365-sq. mi. ) . Population: 8,290,988 ( July 1997 est. ) . Capital: Sofia ( dad. 1,114,759 ) . Chief Town: Plovdiv ( dad. 377,637 ) , Varna ( dad. 297,090 ) , Bourgas ( dad. 188,367 ) , and Rousse ( dad. 185,425 ) .ADMINISTRATIVE Organization: 28 territories. Conveyance: The railroad conveyance is of great significance for the state. The sea and river ( along the Danube river ) fleet take an active portion in the trade of the state. The major havens are Varna and Bourgas, and the chief Danube ports are Rousse, Lom, Svishtov, and Vidin. There is a ferryboat connexion between Vidin and Kalafat ( Romania ) . The chief airdrome is Sofia Airport.CLIMATE: temperate ; cold, moist winters ; hot, dry summersOFFICIAL Language: Bulgarian. The Bulgarian linguistic communication belongs to the South Slavic subdivision of the Slavic linguistic communications and uses the Cyrillic alphabet.NATIONAL DAY: 3 March # 8211 ; The Day of the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman Rule ( 1878 ) . OFFICIAL HOLIDAYS: # 183 ; New Year s Day on January 1 # 183 ; Easter # 183 ; Labor Day on May 1 # 183 ; Saint George Day on May 6 # 183 ; The Day of the Laminitiss of the Slavonic Alphabet St. Cyril and St. Methodius on May 24 # 183 ; Unification Day on September 6 # 183 ; Independence Day on September 22 # 183 ; Christmas on December 25 Currency: Lev ( BGN ) . Currency board.LEGAL SYSTEM: Parliamentary RepublicHEAD OF STATE: Petar Stoyanov # 8211 ; President ( since 22 January 1997 ) . Cultural Group: Bulgarian 87.8 % , Turk 8.5 % , Gypsy 2.6 % , other 1.1 % .RELIGIONS: Bulgarian Orthodox 85 % , Muslim 13 % , Judaic 0.8 % , Catholic 0.7 % , and other 0.5 % . V. Britain – Bulgaria – cultural comparing Britain BulgariaLanguage English BulgarianHabits Drink beer and whisky Drink grape brandy Smoking is banned in public topographic points Smoking is non banned in public topographic points Socialize in pubs Very hospitable ; besides like to run into at caf s Bias against the quality of the Bulgarian merchandises and penchant for foreign ( western ) productsCommunication manners Have repute for being reserved in their behaviour but are sort when asked for general aid or advise ; agitate custodies when meeting, used to eye-contact Friendly ; unfastened ; used to eye-contact ; agitating custodies when meeting ; women- friends kiss each other when meetingRacial issues Protected in jurisprudence against racial favoritism The authorities policy is to incorporate all the minority groups in the society. There is a National Agency for Ethnic and Demographic Issues.Gen der issues Women are still fighting for equal chances in work and political relations. Womans have good chances at work. Homosexuality is no illegal. There are particular cheery saloon. Homosexuality is non good accepted by the public.Family Peoples tend to populate as spouses instead than merry. Partners even have the legal rights of hubby and married woman. Young people tend to populate as spouses. They can get married subsequently. Parents take attention of their kids during their whole life.Political system King and hierarchal society Building democratic society ; Bureaucratic administrative systemSociety Well represented in-between category but besides rich people ; good working societal system A batch of the people are hapless and few are really rich. The per centum of unemployment is high. VI. Recommendations for get the better ofing the differencesWe will turn to the cultural differences that can impact AstraZeneca s communications with the Bulgarians. If AstraZeneca opens a subdivision in Bulgaria it will hold to pass on with:1. Customers2. Government Institutions3. Employees1. Our clients will be the ordinary people.We develop medical specialties for malignant neoplastic disease and cardiovascular diseases. The per centum of malignant neoplastic disease and cardiovascular diseases in Bulgaria is high.AstraZeneca s medical specialties are expensive. The Bulgarian people are hapless, but willing to give money to continue their health.We suggest a strong selling and advertisement scheme with accent on the high quality of AstraZeneca s medical specialties and a batch of information about the strong research base of the company. This advertisement together with the prejudice of the Bulgarians against the quality of the local merchandises will increase our opportunities of success. The figure below shows the inclinations in the pharmaceutical market for the last twelvemonth. The import is bigger compared with the market of the local production. Bulgarian P harmaceutical market ( 01.01.1999 01.01.2000 ) The physicians, the pharmaceuticss, the infirmaries and the freshly established National Insurance Fund can make the ordinary people. We recommend the selling section to construct up those communications ( see figure on page 13 ) . 2. Governmental InstitutionsAstraZeneca will hold to work with The National Drug Institute in order to license company s merchandises and enter the market of Bulgaria. The Institute is a province establishment. Corruptness and bureaucratism are identified as the greatest jobs in the province establishments. Our advice is the constitution of a Project Team whose chief undertaking will be to measure the state of affairs and to bring forth solutions for developing healthy communications with this establishment. The Drug enrollment section will spread out those communications in the hereafter ( see figure on page 13 ) .The cardinal office of the subdivision should be in the capital Sofia. This will assist in the communications with the authorities establishments, which are chiefly based in Sofia.3. EmployeesAstraZeneca would wish to use Bulgarians in the new subdivision using its corporate policy of belief in people and duties through holding local staff in each state. This will be good for the company because the Bulgarians are good educated and difficult working. We think that the linguistic communication differences will non be a barrier to the communicating because most of the immature people in Bulgaria speak English as a 2nd linguistic communication. There should be a common working agenda to get the better of the fluctuations in the holidays.The communicating procedure between AstraZeneca staff and the Bulgarian employees will be facilitated by the unfastened and friendly nature of the Bulgarians. We anticipate that the Bulgarians will hold troubles with the reserved British manner of communicating. To get the better of this job we suggest that the directors in the Bulgarian subdivis ion, who will hold direct communicating with our central offices, to be people who have received their instruction in Britain or have worked in a similar international environment. If there are still misinterpretations our recommendation is to develop the directors in the UK Headquarters. In that manner they will go familiar with the corporate policy and will hold a opportunity to develop personal relationships. On the land of the above analysis we suggest that the new subdivision should hold the undermentioned construction: VI. References1. englishculture.about.com2. www.astrazeneca.com3. www.bba.bg4. www.bcci.bg5. www.bfia.org6. www.bulgaria-embassy.org7. www.business-europa.co.uk/bsmenu.html8. www.google.com9. www.ndi.bg400.bg10. www.open.gov.uk11. Analyzing and populating in Britain: A usher for international pupils and visitants ( 1997 ) . The British Council 344

Drug Rehabilitation Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay Example for Free

Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay In Peter Singer’s 1972 article titled â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality†, he suggests that wealthy nations have an ethical duty to contribute much more than they do to other nations who are suffering through a natural disaster, extreme poverty, famine or other issues. In this paper, I will describe Singers objective and give his argument with regards to this issue. I will describe three counter-arguments to Singer’s view which he addresses, and after that reveal Singer’s reactions to those counterarguments. I will explain Singer’s idea of marginal utility and also differentiate how it pertains to his argument. I will compare how the ideas of duty and charity alter in his suggested world. To conclude, I will provide my own position in response to Singer’s argument. The primary objective of Singer’s article is to express that we as people have the capacity to assist those in dire need as it is our moral duty to do so. He uses the disaster in East Bengal as an example. â€Å"Continuous poverty, a cyclone, and a civil war have turned a minimum of 9 million people into abandoned refugees; nonetheless, its not beyond the capability of the wealthier countries to provide sufficient help to decrease further suffering to very small proportions (Singer 1972). He thinks that theres no reason at all for individuals to suffer if other people have the ability to assist and prevent it from happening or getting worse. It’s our moral responsibility to modify our way of living so as to achieve this important objective. They are overcrowded, hungry, dehydrated and need medical attention. Singer believes that we have the resources to decrease the suffering and pain yet we disregard the problem and do nothing at all, which can be immoral. We should modify our opinions of morality so as to develop a dedication to helping people in dire need. Singer provides counter-arguments in his work which I will talk about here. He offers his readers a scenario which involves a drowning kid and a witness. Most people would try to save the kid since its the â€Å"right† action to take. Singer proposes that this duty happens since lots of people know that a drowning kid is considered very bad and outweighs the fact they you have to get your clothes muddy and wet. The counter-argument in this situation proposes that because I am not the only individual seeing this event, why is it my duty to do something positive about it? Why must it be my ethical responsibility to assist this kid in case nobody else is doing anything regarding it? Singer explains, â€Å"In case its in our power to avoid something bad from occurring, without thereby compromising anything of comparable moral significance, we should, morally, to do it (1972). † He thinks that we are able to do whats right however we should decide to do whats right even when everybody else decides not to. Singer also touches on whether our moral responsibilities must be restricted to distance. The counter-argument in this instance proposes that because these suffering people are so far away, why is it my moral responsibility to help them instead of using it in my own area? According to Singer, â€Å"It makes no ethical difference whether the individual I can assist is a neighbors kid 10 yards from me or a Bengali whose name I shall never know, 10,000 miles away (pg. 232). † Its still our moral obligation to do whats right. Is it morally appropriate to discriminate against a suffering individual just due to their distance? Singer suggests, â€Å"In case we accept any rule of impartiality, universalizability, equality, or whatever, we cant discriminate against somebody just because he is far away from us (or we are far off from him) (pg. 232)†. A person’s distance must not restrict our moral duties. Singer believes that everybody must give when its required. Many people are not contributing, so how much must I give without making myself or my loved ones worse off? The counter-argument here is whether to give more than can cause financial stuggle. He discusses the probability of contributing to the point of marginal utility. As Singer states â€Å"Because the situation seems to be that not many people are likely to give considerable sums, it makes sense that I and everybody else in similar conditions must give as much as possible, that is, at least up to the level at which by giving more one would start to cause acute suffering for oneself and one’s dependents-perhaps even beyond this level to the stage of marginal utility, at which by giving more one would cause oneself and one’s loved ones just as much suffering as one would prevent in Bengal† (pg. 234). To conclude, we all must give as much as possible so long as it doesnt cause us to suffer in the process. Singer proposes that responsibility and charity is our ethical duty. We â€Å"ought† to assist unknown people in need of assistance if we are capable to and that it would be morally incorrect not to contribute. We must put on our old clothes instead of purchasing new ones just for the simple truth that you want to be well dressed. Duty and charity change in this future world since in this era, many people wont give up certain luxuries so as to give to other people. Most people are selfish and would prefer to indulge in the finer matters in life rather than worry about contributing their hard earned bucks to other people in need of assistance. Individually, I support Singer’s point for many reasons. I do think that we must assist people in need when we are capable of doing so as long as it does not cause us to suffer financially. I agree that a few luxuries must be overlooked if it implies that a life can be saved. In case we were suffering or in an identical condition, would we wish or expect assistance? I agree that its the correct thing to do morally. I dont believe that we must discriminate against a suffering person simply because that individual isnt in our society. The life of an individual is invaluable and must come first of all. To conclude, Singer’s primary point is that it is our moral obligation to assist other people in times of need with regards to medical care, food, shelter or reconstruction. I agree that we must contribute our money and time to assist other people if it doesnt create a bad impact on our own lives. In this era, lots of people are selfish as well as greedy and dont usually stop to take into consideration other people in need of assistance. People need to understand that there are lots of people around suffering and may ultimately pass away if they dont get the assistance they need as well as deserve. I agree that it is our moral duty to assist any person in urgent need even when its an individual thousands of miles away.