Database Development Essay

Abstract This paper defines the Software Development Life Cycle phases specifically the Waterfall method with a review of tasks to improve the quality of datasets throughout the cycle. It includes recommendations of actions to be performed for full optimization for enhancing performance from data quality assessment. Although full optimization may be reached throughout the process of SDLC, continued maintenance must be in sued to properly retain the database error-free and protected. An evaluation of three methods and activities to ensure maintenance planning is implemented is discussed. An in-depth analysis of an efficient method for planning concurrency control methods and lock granularities that are available to use that will minimize potential security risks that may occur. Finally, serializability isolation model is introduced that ensures transactions produce less record-level locking while operating the system and how a verification method allows review of proper inputs and error checks to increase consistency. Introduction There are several Software Development Life Cycle methods that are availabel to utilize although, the Waterfall SDLC is the most desirable due to the simplicity and straight forward methods utilized and will be discussed in regards to topics in this paper. The benefits of this model type include departmentalization and manegerial control. A schedule can be set for each phase similarly to a how a factory system works from one step to the next in a proceeding manner until the product is complete. However, once in the testing phase it is difficult to revert back to make any additional changes.  (SDLC Models., n.d.). Tasks to Improve Dataset Quality Using SDLC Methodology The Waterfall SDLC incorparates the following stages of planning and executing software, requirements specification, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. The requirements phase of the SDLC is to ensure clearly defined requirements via all parties involved in the processes. Deliverables in this stage include requirements documents that incorporates descriptions of requirements, diagrams and references to necessary documentation as well as Requirements Tracability Matrix (RTM), this displays the manner in which products being developed will interact and correlate to previous components that have already been developed. This phase prepares datasets integrity success throughout the SDLC process when requirements are properly defined. (The Software Development Cycle (SDLC)., n.d.). The design phase lists software features in detail with psuedocode, entity-relationship model(s) (ERM), hierarchy diagrams, layout hierarchy, tables of business rules, a full data dictionary, and business process diagrams. This phase transforms the requirements into system design specifications. In this phase it is imporatant to review software and hardware specifications and system architecture. This will create the foundation for the implementation phase. Lastly, the implementation phase begins the coding process in which portions of programs are developed and tested. Clearly defined requirements are defined via use-case scenario that enables context based definitions and a visualization of the completed product for clarifications, accuracy, and completeness of requirement request. (SDLC Models., n.d.). Actions to Optimize Record Selections and Improve Database Performance Actions to optimize record selection and improve database performance include automated controls that can be applied in the design phase of SDLC. The design phase specifically it is important for developers to set proper  automated controls such as input, processing, and output controls to enhance integrity, security, and reliability of the system and datasets. Input controls such as completeness checks and duplication checks ensure blank fields and duplicate information is not entered into the data sets. Automating process controls to ensure systems correctly process and record information. (FFIEC IT Examination Handbook InfoBase – Design Phase., n.d.). Quality management techniques that improve quality assessments include error detection, process control, and process design. These processes detect missing values, improve recurring errors, and help optimize effeciency. (Even, A., & Shankaranarayanan, G., 2009). Three Maintenance Plans and Three Activities to Improve Data Quality Three types of maintenance plans include: preventative, corrective, and adaptive maintenance which improve the data quality. Activities to improve data quality include database backups, integrity checks, optimizing the index. Preventative maintenance incorporates creating and continuously maintaining daily and/or weekly backups for data loss prevention, corrective maintenance ensures system errors are corrected. One activity associated to corrective maintenance includes resolving deadlocks, which occurs when two or more tasks permanently block each other. Adaptive maintenance includes enhancing system and database performance via based on utility assessments and optimized queries to improve performance. (Coronel, Morris, & Rob., 2013). Methods for Planning Proactive Concurrency Control and Lock Granularity Concurrency issues revolve around conflicts that occur when simultaneous tasks are performed on multiple systems, the conflict may cause inconsistencies. The goal of concurrent controls is to establish consistent throughput and accurate from results in concurrent operations. Granular locking schemes enable locking pages, tables, rows, and cells. After reviewing â€Å"Process-centered Review of Object Oriented Software Development Methodologies,† the methodologies mentioned were outside of the scope of concurrency and lock granularity. However, there are two methods, high  granularity approach and low granularity approach that will enable a distributed database with consistency. High granularity offers maximum concurrency although requires more overhead versus low granularity which offers minimum overhead although reduces concurrency. Additional overhead in the form of locking granularly at different object-oriented hierarchy levels helps create proactive concurrency control within the system. This provides additional security via the ability to control which users are modifying the database at the same time. (Ellis, R., n.d.). System Analysis to Ensure Tractions do not Record-Level Lock Database in Operation In multiuser database transactions that are executing simultaneously must have consistent results, it is vital to have control over concurrency and consistency. To enable processes that provide this control a transaction isolation model named, serializability is available for use. This model gives the illusion that transactions execute one at a time. The multiversion consistency model provides multiple users with a separate view of the data concurrently, which prevents record-level locking from affecting the database. (Data Concurrency and Consistency., n.d.). Once updates are commited to the system verifyoption can be utilized to ensure the integrity of data entered will enhance system effectiveness. (SqlCeEngine.Verify Method (VerifyOption) (System.Data.SqlServerCe)., n.d). Conclusion In conclusion material discussed includes an analysis specific tasks that will improve the quality of datasets within a database. A review of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and more specifically the Waterfall methodology SDLC. Recommended actions in the design phase that will enhance the optimization of record selection are considered along with three maintenance plan options and activities to improve the quality of data within the database. Serializability isolation model ensures transactions that will produce less record-level locking while operating the system and verification methods will allow for review of proper inputs and error checks to increase consistency. Overall, research shows that multiuser distributed databases utility will depend on specific functions created from the  origination of the product in the SDLC to the finished product and continued maintenance for consistent and efficient performance. References Data Concurrency and Consistency. (n.d.). Oracle Documentation. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01/server.920/a96524/c21cnsis.htm Even, A., & Shankaranarayanan, G. (2009). Quality in Customer Databases-Centered Review of Object Oriented Software Development Methodologies. ACM Computer Database, 15, 3,4,5. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from the ACM Computer database. Ellis, R. (n.d.). Lock Granularity. Granularity of Locks_and Degrees of Consistency_in a Shared Database. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&sqi=2&ved=0CF8QFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.cs.wisc.edu%2F~nil%2F764%2FTrans%2FGranularity.ppt&ei=kQ8yUqOhPIzl4AOM6oDIDw&usg=AFQjCNEdfijo3XG83N7W2WlglSi3cEJsQQ&sig2=WGLffPJ8amqYRjHXJAHLuQ&bvm=bv.52109 FFIEC IT Examination Handbook InfoBase – Design Phase. (n.d.). FFIEC IT Examination Handbook InfoBase – Welcome. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-boo klets/development-and-acquisition/development-procedures/systems-development-life-cycle/design-phase.aspx Rob, P., & Coronel, C. (2002). Database systems: design, implementation, and management (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Course Technology. SDLC Models. (n.d.). One Stop QA. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from www.onestopqa.com/resources/SDLC%20Models.pdf SqlCeEngine.Verify Method (VerifyOption) (System.Data.SqlServerCe). (n.d.). MSDN the Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc835509%28v=vs.100%29.aspx The Software Development Cycle (SDLC). (n.d.). Pelican Engineering. Retrieved September 13, 2013, from www.pelicaneng.com/DevDocs/sdlc.pdf

Lion Capital and Blackstone Essay

Question 1: Why would Lion do a deal with Blackstone? Why would Blackstone do one  with Lion? What does each risk? What can each gain? Lion and Blackstone are joining together to leverage industry expertise and financing power. Lion has a strong understanding of consumer-focused brands and using proprietary deals to turn an existing medium-sized player into a larger busines by using it as a platform for acquisitions. Examples of such deals include Weetabix and Jimmy Choo. Blackstone has the power to bring very large financing into a deal, capable of investing up to $1 billion in a company, while also having an international presence, bringing synergies across borders. However, this partnership also brings in a lagging pace in closing deals and public visibility and scrutiny. Lion typically moves quickly on deals, and already has decided ahead of Blackstone on timing and price. Blackstone, however, still needs to conduct due diligence and have the deal reviewed by the investment committee.  Moreover, Lion’s partnership with Blackstone brings it into the Financial Times’ front page and pressures it further to perform. Question 2: Is Orangina a good deal? It seems that Lion and Blackstone are paying a pretty full price; what angle might the Blackstone-Lion consortium have found to justify it? Yes, Orangina is a good deal, for its brand power, its resilience, its financing-friendly nature, and its operating and distribution network in France and Spain. Orangina has iconic brands that are well known in France and Spain, and it commands a strong presence in its niche without intruding on the soft drink space of brands such as Coca Cola. It can be levered easily, as it is in a defensive sector, has strong cash flows, and with tangible assets that can be claimed. Despite being undermanaged, it continued to perform well in bad times, indicating that it has a working operating infrastructure and does not depend on a personality to guide the business. Moreover, the team has a good understanding and fit with the company. Javier Ferrà ¡n of Lion, a Spanish national who speaks French, is well suited to understand a company with operations concentrated in Spain and France, and is also ideal for his past experience in the soft drinks sector. Question 3: Based on the information provided in the case, how would you value Orangina? We will NOT value the company based on any discount cash flow model, including LBO valuation or APV model, as we are dealing with a private company, whose beta and future capital structure are unfeasible to estimate.  Private companies have no estimable beta, since they are not publicly traded and are illiquid – their value does not move in any direction with respect to the market. There are also no strong barriers to entry in a soft drink market, so terminal growth also can’t be easily estimated. However, we can first attempt a simple Venture Capital valuation model to get a quick ballpark for our valuation. We find that a reasonable equity valuation for a private equity buyer lies between $900 million and $1.9 billion. This implies an equity valuation between 760 million euros and 1.6 billion euros. With plans to place 900 million euros of debt, Orangina can be priced at 1.7 billion euros to 2.5 billion euros. We can assume that the 1.85 billion euro valuation of Blackstone and Lion is quite reasonable. Question 4: What is the best deal approach? The team needs to make a bid that will make them one of the trusted and approved buyer candidates immediately, even with the risk of overpaying. They need to become one of the groups with access to the Orangina management team and their advisors, and begin asking the questions they need answered on the company – such as the implementation of a stable management team in a time of a high management turnover, the ability to grow in the food channel or obtain higher bidding power in the out of food channel, and a turnaround strategy for France. Given that Blackstone and Lion have a special edge that Lion’s team understands the sector, the business, and the geography well, they should be willing to pay up front in the early auctions, so that they can eliminate strategic buyers such as Pepsi, while also discouraging other financial buyers who don’t have the same level of understanding, edge, or angle on  this sector. Once the likelihood of a deal is strong enough, Blackstone and Lion can begin negotiating a definitive merger agreement with prices and terms that are a bit more suitable and fair for it. However, the current priority should be to get into the buy and cut others out as soon as possible.

Accounting Theory and Critical Issues

The following assignment examines the annual report of Common wealth Bank Australia in the context of adhering to the General purpose Financial Accounting. Commonwealth Bank Australia has been chosen as an ASX top hundred-listed corporation. The assignment evaluates the effectiveness of business entities in strictly adhering to the framework as well as the guidelines of the conceptual framework of accounting. In this regard, it can be said that there has been issues as per the assessment as well as the registering of financial transactions in the year ended annual report of the company. As such, this has an adverse effect on the procedure of the financial reports towards the stakeholders of the organization. Zimmerman (2013) stated that the general-purpose financial recording should develop the necessary guideline, to help the business entities to maintain authenticity and transparency in the financial accounts of the business entity. The business entity has been operating in many co untries and constitutes of a substantial market share in the international market. According to Groot and Selto (2013), the general purpose financial accounting offers a unified guideline that can be applicable to all the globally reputed companies in the Australian market. The Commonwealth Bank Australia has been making efforts to adhere to the General Purpose financial accounting in the market. According to Hassard and Pym (2012), the brand has faced issues recently in recording as well as measuring the transactions in the domestic and the international market. The Commonwealth Bank Australia is a multinational business organization that operates in many countries. The brand has taken many transfer pricing measures as per the taxation laws and guideline of the particular country. The conceptual framework in the business organization shall consist of the qualitative characteristics as well as recognition and the de-recognition criteria of the general-purpose financial accounting of the organization. The study also evaluates the accounting measures like IAS 11 and and its role in assisting the business entity in adhering to the conceptual framework in the context of the General Purpose financial Accounting. Despite of the best efforts of the management of the business enterprise in adhering to the General Purpose financial Accounting of the organization, there has been existing consistencies and issues related to the recording and the assessment of the financial transactions. Fiolleau et al. (2013) stated that these financial irregularities can be overcome by implementing rigid auditing measures in the business organization that shall facilitate organizational growth in the business entity. The following attributes of the financial data provided by Commonwealth Bank Australia in the context of the General Purpose Financial Accounting can be noted. Relevance- The annual report of Commonwealth Bank Australia offers the relevant importance to the business enterprise. The report contains all the necessary details so as to assist the management of the business entity in developing the appropriate financial as well as the operating policies for a business entity. Jones (2015) stated that the accounting principles of the business enterprise shall have to offer the in-depth financial details about the necessary financial details about the business enterprise. As such , the annual report and the year ended financial statements of the business enterprise shall be considered as relevant in the existing global market. Material - The information can be considered as material if omitting it can lead to adverse financial decisions for the business enterprise. The company follows the principle of materiality to influence financial decisions for the business entity. As such, it can be said that the management of the business enterprise has considered every financial data that can have an impact on the financial decision making as well as sustainability of the business entity. in this regard , it can be stated that the management of the business enterprise has to take appropriate financial decisions regarding the preparation of the financial statements of the business entity . In this regard , it can be stated that the uniform quantitative guidelines for the establishment of the financial policies for the enhancement of the financial policies as well as the goals and the objectives of the business entity . Comparability - The financial statements established by the business enterprise can facilitate comparison between the two different years. As such, the brand has the ability to determine the operational as well as the financial policies of the business enterprise shall facilitate comparison between the two different years. As such, the management of the business entity can be able to take the necessary financial measures to overcome the organizational threats of the business entity. Bonin (2013) mentioned that comparability is one qualitative attributes that shall assist the users to assess the general financial state of a business enterprise. Thus. it can be stated that there are users shall be able to compare the general financial position of the business entity with the previous years and respond appropriately for organizational growth and sustainability in the domestic and the international market. Verifiability- The concept of verifiability would assist users in representing the economic condition of the existing business entity. Lee and Parker (2013) mentioned that the attribute of verifiability shall enable the users to verify the financial information of the business entity. In this regard , it can be stated that the financial data provided on the annual report has been verified in the context of the current year. Timeliness- The concept of Timeliness relates to having prior information to the decisions-makers of the business entity that shall help the business entity in making appropriate business as well as financial decisions. An in-depth analysis of the financial statements is presented in the business entity. Therefore, this shall assist the business enterprise in making authentic financial statements of Commonwealth Bank, Australia. As such, the timeliness of the financial statements is an essential attribute of towards establishing of the financial strategies as well as the policies of the business entity. Understandability- The concept of understandability refer to presenting the information in a simplistic manner to help users in making informed financial decisions for the business entity. According to Fiolleau et al. (2013), the management of the Commonwealth Bank , Australia has presented the accounting statements in a simplified manner so that it can be easily understood by the users. The concept of understandability is evaluated in the annual report of   Commonwealth   Bank, Australia . As such, the data presented in the annual financial statements of the business entity is simple to understand yet in-depth in details . As such, the understandability is a definite characteristic of the management of the business entity. These attributes has been essential for the business enterprise in the implementation of effective financial policies. For the purpose of measurement in accounting, the fair value of accounting is used to assess the assets and the liabilities of the organization as per the organizational goals and the objectives. In this regard, it can be stated that the fair value of measurement in accounting can be used in determining the actual worth of the assets and the liabilities in the business organization. Commonwealth Bank, Australia has been able to assess the existing liabilities as well as the assets of the organization as per the existing market condition in the domestic as well as the International market. According to Deegan (2013), the fair value accounting in the business entity has been an influencing factors   in determining the exact financial position of a business entity. The fair value accounting of the business entity   asists the business   organization to make effective   financial strategies   of   the business   entity. Therefore, the value of the assets would be ascertaine d as per their current market value.   The recognition criteria refer to the factors on which the identification of assets and the liabilities depends, in the context of Commonwealth Bank, Australia. The Commonwealth Bank , Australia has been recognized the asset as well as the liability of the business entity in, changes in equity as well as the expenses of the business enterprise facilitating authenticity and transparency in the annual financial statements of the business enterprise. Therefore, it shall assist the business enterprise in enhancing the cost of the organization as well as enhancing the changes in the business organization. In the recognition criteria, the probability in the inflow or the outflow of cash in the business organization for a particular period of time shall have to be analyzed in the attainment of the organizational goals and the objectives of the business enterprise. Miller and Power (2013) stated that the following two existing standards - IAS 1 Presentation of the Financial Statements and IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting estimates and errors have assisted Common Wealth Bank Australia in adhering to the conceptual framework of the general-purpose financial accounting. These policies in the business entity shall help the business entity to strictly adhere to the general-purpose financial accounting and prepare detailed financial reports for the business enterprise. According to Freeman et al. (2014) the IAS 1 develops the basis of the financial statements in the year –ended annual reports of the entity . These accounting statements provide the faithful representation of the transactions as well as events and conditions of the business entity. The existing inconsistencies in the existing conceptual framework shall have to be eliminated by the IAS 18 accounting standards. According to Deegan (2012), the framework states that the asset and the liabilities of the organization shall have to be recognized through the expected future benefits of the organization. In the recent years, the brand has faced discrepancies in the recording as well as the assessment of the financial transactions of the business entity. In addition, the brand has developed the necessary measures to overcome the existing discrepancies and facilitate the development of the financial policies of the business entity. The Common Wealth Bank, Australia has implemented effective internal accounting policies of the business organization. Auditing has been a pertinent accounting tool for the business entity in frequent monitoring of the financial statements in the business entity. This has ensured that the financial statements in the annual reports of the busine ss organization shall reflect the existing financial position of the business organization. Bonin (2013) stated that internal auditing is an effective part of the general-purpose financial accounting of the business organization. Therefore, the existing inconsistencies in the annual reports of the organization would have to be assessed through the internal control measures in the organization. As per the conceptual framework in the General Purpose Financial Accounting the assets and the liabilities of the organization would be recognized if the future economic benefits comes or flow out of the organization. In this regard, it can be stated that the IASB emphasis uniforms academic guidelines and the policies of the business entity. As such, the management of the business entity has been responding appropriately in overcoming any discrepancies or threats for the business entity. As such, this has assisted the business entity to strictly adhere to the conceptual framework of the business entity. Horngren et al. (2013) mentioned that financial reporting refers to development of the external financial statements consisting of balance sheet, statement of cash flows and the stockholders equity and the notes to the financial statements present in the annual report of the organization. Thus, it can be said that the stakeholders of the business organization has to receive updated financial information about the business entity. As such, this shall assist the investors to acquire the necessary financial data and make informed investment and financial decisions for the business entity. The financial reporting is an essential aspect of the operational as well as the financial decisions of the business. As such, the business entity has been making pertinent efforts in adhering to the conceptual framework of the General Purpose Financial Accounting. According to Bebbington et al. (2014), the business entity has to make the necessary measures in the development of the goals and the objec tives of the business entity. Henderson et al. (2015) stated that the business entity has taken measures in the recognition of the intangible assets of the organization. In this regard, it can be stated that the management of the business organization has also recognized bad debt as well as the provision of bad debt in the organization. In addition, the recognition of revenue expenses in the business entity is another pertinent part of the General Purpose Financial Accounting in the business organization. The financial reporting deals in the disclosure of the financial data to the management as well as the public. According to Christensen et al. (2016), the financial reporting can have to be issued in the quarterly as well as the monthly basis. As such, the Commonwealth Bank Australia has been reporting to the existing shareholders of the business organization through the strict financial reporting guidelines. Horngren et al. (2013) stated that the security and the exchange commission (SEC) in the business enterprise is an essential part of the financial reporting policies of the business entity. As per the guidelines of the general Purpose financial accounting, the shareholders, potential investors and the consumers and the government of the business organization are the parties that shall benefit from financial re porting .Thus, Commonwealth Bank, Australia adheres to the General Purpose financial accounting in developing the organizational policies and strategies. It can be said that Commonwealth Bank Australia has taken pertinent efforts in adhering to the conceptual Framework in the General Purpose Financial Accounting. The brand has taken measures in the establishment of operational and financial strategies for Commonwealth Bank Australia. However, the internal auditing is an effective tool for the business entity in assessing the financial situation of the business enterprise and recognizing the existing discrepancies in the financial system of business enterprise. The Commonwealth Bank, Australia has been adhering to the general-purpose financial accounting and measure the equity, asset, liability and income as well as the revenues of the organization. The brand strictly adheres to the conceptual framework in the context of the reporting of the financial statements to the business entity. The Commonwealth Bank, Australia conducts financial reporting in quarterly or on a annual basis The recognition criteria refer to the recognition of the assets and liability of the organization that result in the inflow and outflow of the revenue in the organization. The fair value of accounting in the business entity relates to the assessment of the assets as per their existing market value. The Commonwealth Bank, Australia has been in a strong financial position in the recent years. The data extracted from the financial annual reports relates to the measurement of the assets, liabilities as well as the income and the recognition of the incomes and the revenue of the organization and indicates the financial strength of the entity when compared to the substitute brands in the market. In the coming years it can be expected that the business entity shall acquire a greater market share in the domestic and global market. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bonin, H., 2013. Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science & Business Media. Bonin, H., 2013. Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science & Business Media. Christensen, H.B., Nikolaev, V.V. and Wittenbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Moerman, R., 2016. Accounting information in financial contracting: The incomplete contract theory perspective. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(2), pp.397-435. Commbank 2016 Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/about-us/shareholders/pdfs/annual-reports/cba-annual-report-30%20June-2015.pdf [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Cortesi, A., Tettamanzi, P., Scaccabarozzi, U., Spertini, I. and Castoldi, S., 2015. Advanced Financial Accounting: Financial Statement Analysis–Accounting Issues–Group Accounts. EGEA spa. Deegan, C. (2013). Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2012. Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C.M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013. Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Fiolleau, K.J., Hoang, K.J. and Pomeroy, B., 2013. Communications with Audit Committees: How Do Auditors Decide How Much Information to Provide about Management’s Accounting Practices?. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: theory and practice.JJpaejournal Of Public Affairs Education Volume 20 Number 3, p.441. Groot, T. and Selto, F., 2013. Advanced management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Harrison, J.S. and Van der Laan Smith, J., 2015. Responsible accounting for stakeholders. Journal of Management Studies, 52(7), pp.935-960. Hassard, J. and Pym, D. eds., 2012. The theory and philosophy of organizations: critical issues and new perspectives. Routledge. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015. Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Jones, S. ed., 2015. The routledge companion to financial accounting theory. Routledge. Lee, T.A. and Parker, R.H., 2013. Towards a Theory and Practice of Cash Flow Accounting (RLE Accounting) (Vol. 50). Routledge. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp.557-605. Zimmerman, J.L., 2013. Myth: External financial reporting quality has a first-order effect on firm value. Accounting Horizons, 27(4), pp.887-894.

Medical Statistics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medical Statistics - Coursework Example The datasets are in tab-delimited text format (â€Å".txt†) – the file you need has your matriculation number on it, for example, if you matriculation number was 123456789 then your file would be called â€Å"AS_123456789.txt†. Also save the file called Assign1.tpf as well (it can help when loading the data into SPSS – see below). To open your dataset in Minitab, go to File > Open Worksheet in Minitab, choose filetype of Text (*.txt), select your dataset and click Open. To open your dataset in SPSS you have two choices: 1. Open the data in Excel and in Excel save it as an Excel file. Then open the Excel file in SPSS the usual way. You could also do this via Minitab. 2. Go to File > Read Text Data in SPSS, choose your file and click OPEN. This will open a window called â€Å"Text Import Wizard – Step 1 of 6†. Click the Yes button to the question â€Å"Does your text file match a predefined format?† and then click on Browse and choose As sign1.tpf and click Open. Then click Finish twice and the data should open. Once you have done this it makes sense to annotate the data (e.g. indicate that 1 means boy and 2 means girl for Sex) and then save the data with an appropriate name in the .sav format before you do any analysis. To open the data in Minitab, having altered the dataset in SPSS, just copy and paste the data directly from the SPSS data editor into Minitab (you could also save a copy of it as an Excel file, and then open that in Minitab). Research question of interest: Do 5 year old children living in deprived areas have worse oral health than 5 year old children living in more affluent areas? Variables in your excel file: RefNumber Child reference number (for admin purposes) DepCat Deprivation category (on a 1-7 scale, where 1 is most affluent and 7 is most deprived). In the catchment area for this study, all the postcode sectors were in DepCat 4, 6 or 7 RegCat String (character) variable, with 3 categories: No tReg – never registered with a dentist; Lapsed – previously registered but now lapsed; Reg – currently registered with a dentist Sex 1 = boys, 2 = girls DFMT Number of teeth with active decay, that are filled or are missing pH pH value of saliva in mouth – the lower it is, the more acidic. Questions NOTE: for Q2 and Q4 you are expected to follow and report on each stage of the Data Analysis Algorithm shown on p1 of Workbook 3, and ensure you cover both confidence interval and hypothesis testing approaches. 1) Using either Minitab or SPSS, obtain appropriate descriptive statistics for the variables Sex, DepCat, RegCat and DFMT. Provide a short interpretation of the output you produce. Answer 1: DepCat DepCat is an indication of the deprivation category. The variable is rated in the scale of 1 to 7 with 1 being the most affluent and 7 being the most deprived. The study was done with people living in the area with DepCat of 4, 6 or 7. Of the total 100 observ ations, there were 96 cases with appropriate value. 4 cases had missing values. This is quantitative analysis, the output of which is given below: Frequencies Statistics DepCat N Valid 96 Missing 4 DepCat Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 4 20 20.0 20.8 20.8 6 34 34.0 35.4 56.3 7 42 42.0 43.8 100.0 Total 96 96.0 100.0 Missing System 4 4.0 Total 100 100.0 The table above shows the frequency table of the variable. It can be seen that most of the respondents had DepCat value of 7 which is the category of most deprived of all the classes. About 43.8

WHAT IS THE REASON FOR GLOBAL TALENT MOBILITY IS IT RELEVANT TO THE Research Proposal

WHAT IS THE REASON FOR GLOBAL TALENT MOBILITY IS IT RELEVANT TO THE LAW AND POLICY OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES - Research Proposal Example Many companies are requiring high levels of flexibility from their subordinates as they increase their cross border activities. Furthermore, the changing trends towards diversity have put the firms under pressure to ensure that they get a global outlook. This is through having employees who emanates from different parts of the world. In 2011, the world changed dramatically. The financial crisis of 2009/2010 had a major impact on the global economy. Many countries across the world are still struggling to restore their local labor market. In countries that were highly affected, the local population eagerness to find a job abroad has increased immensely. Nevertheless, this does not necessarily mean that countries that have struggling economically are under pressure because the unemployed population will look for jobs in other countries. For instance, in some South European countries, the level of unemployment is very high. Nevertheless, the local population is not willing to leave their country in order to seek jobs elsewhere despite the ease to move to other European Union countries (Vance & Paik 2014). New opportunities keep arising in different markets across the world. With the increasing levels of competition in the local and international markets, companies are willing to take risks in order to tap to these opportunities. However, while opening these subsidiaries, they are forced to use some of their workforce that is experienced in dealing with customers who emanates from different cultural, racial, and religious background. The business world is changing rapidly. This has transformed the way companies are outsourcing their workforce, organize, and manage them. Currently, knowledge, trade, and technology are interlinked now more than ever (Vaiman & Haslberger 2013). The world is experiencing an explosive growth in the emerging markets, an aspect that is increasing the number of employees working away from their homes. In the past one decade, new

Analyze and interpret the piece answering the appropriate questions Essay

Analyze and interpret the piece answering the appropriate questions from the Questions to Ask of Art - Essay Example This paper basically analyzes the first movement, which follows the â€Å"Adagio sostenuto (slow and sustained)† tempo, which is played in â€Å"pianissimo (very soft)† with the loudest tune being â€Å"mezzoforte† (Miller 2). The song follows a â€Å"dotted rhythm melody† and comprises the technique of â€Å"lamentation,† which is accompanied by a â€Å"triplet rhythm ostinato† (Miller 2). The song makes use of a sole instrument, the pedalier piano, with no additional instruments or voices performing the piece. While analyzing the song, composed in sonata form, a listener notices a second theme at 1:10, the development which starts around 1:51 and the recapitulation  at 3:04. Interestingly, there is a transition between different keys, however the basic melody and rhythm remain the same, thus giving the â€Å"impression of grave meditation† (Miller 2). The Moonlight Sonata was published and performed in the year â€Å"1802,† and dedicated to Beethoven’s beloved, his seventeen year old pupil â€Å"Countess Giulietta Guicciardi,† (Miller 2). Listening to this piece of music truly makes me understand why it has grown so popular since its composition more than 200 years ago. The unusual form of the composition makes it standout from other sonatas and I agree with Rellstab, as he says that the song reminds him of a â€Å"boat visiting, by moonlight, the primitive landscapes of Lake Lucerne† (Silverman 15). Although I have not visited that particular lake, I can still relate to that image and the song somehow inspires in me a feeling of self reflection, where I want to revisit the painful events of my past and simply let go of them. This composition is truly a work of art that portrays the internal struggles Beethoven faced with his hearing loss. Across the Universe is a hit song from the album ‘No One’s Gonna Change Our World,’ released by The Beatles on 1969. There are different versions to the song, however, the psychedelic folk appeal coupled

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 36

Leadership - Essay Example The video, How to Win Power and Influence People features Jeffrey Pfeffer giving loads of wise words on how managers can wield power over their staff and increase production and profitability of their organizations. Jeffrey’s pronouncement that power is the most precious resource for a manager is indeed a new viewpoint to those who believe in democratic management. A close overview of these videos together with an Interview with David Ulrich gives guidelines that can transform operations of many organizations. As Garry points out, innovation, resilience, inspiration and accountability are core principles that every manager determined to succeed must possess. A manager capable of exercising profound expertise and emotional commitment will certainly make a landmark impact on an organization. Coupling these abilities with a rare capacity to win people’s affection and favor makes such a manager an idol and a treasure to the company he runs. As a manager in a Convenience Store, putting all these cherished secrets of success into practice will tremendously improve operations of my department. With the power to influence the staff under me I will have a sizeable staff that is enthusiastic to carry out errands in the store without grumbling. Being an emotionally attached manager to the operations of the store will not only make me an efficient manager, but will encourage and motivate the junior staff to perform to the same standards of

(When I saw a lady in a ballgown....I was frankly terrified.... and I Essay

(When I saw a lady in a ballgown....I was frankly terrified.... and I wanted to call a policeman) Are woman represented as the agents or the victims of sexual - Essay Example (eNotes, 2009.) Leo Tolstoy was born at Yasnaya Polyana, in Tula Province. He was the fourth in five children. His parents died when he was a child, and he was brought up by relatives. In 1844 Tolstoy started his studies of law and oriental languages at Kazan University, but he never took a degree. Dissatisfied with the standard of education, he returned in the middle of his studies back to Yasnaya Polyana, and then spent much of his time in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1847 Tolstoy was treated for venereal disease. After contracting heavy gambling debts, Tolstoy accompanied in 1851 his elder brother Nikolay to the Caucasus, and joined an artillery regiment. In the 1850s Tolstoy also began his literary career. The title of Count had been conferred on his ancestor in the early 18th century by Peter the Great. The Kreutzer Sonata is a tale of sexual obsession and jealousy. A provincial businessman (Posdnicheff) becomes obsessed with his wifes relationship with a violinist, with whom she plays duos. The climax of his jealousy comes during a performance by his wife and her violinist partner of Beethovens Violin Sonata no.9 in A major, known as the Kreutzer sonata, after which Posdnicheff murders his wife. The idea for The Kreutzer Sonata was given to Tolstoy by the actor V.N. Andreev-Burlak during his visit at Yasnaya Polyana in June 1887. In the spring of 1888 an amateur performance of Beethovens Kreutzer Sonata took place in Tolstoys home and it made the author return to an idea he had had in the 1860s. The novel is written in the form of a frame-story and set on a train. The conversations among the passengers develop into a discussion of the institution of marriage. Posdnicheff, the chief character, tells of his youth and his subsequent remorse and self-disgust. Posdnicheff believes that his wife is having an affair with a musician and he tries to strangle her, and then

Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Relationship - Essay Example Knapp Staircase model classifies and describes the dynamics of, how a new relationship proceeds and how it develops. The model is based on two major parts: Stages of Togetherness Initiating Experimenting Intensifying Integrating Bonding Coming Apart Differentiating Circumscribing Stagnating Avoiding Terminating I met my ex-partner in a family gathering. We both were pushed and motivated by our relatives to put our best impression on one another. She initiated the talk and I approved the sensible approach she had; for most of the things we converse about. Her tense shoulders and a nervous smile assured me that she is also trying hard to make a good impression on me. We dated again to know more, and experimented how we felt about each other. There were differences in our understanding and life style, but we both felt inclined to take it to the next level. Her expression of love was not customary; she liked to enquire for expression of love in return, since I am an introvert person this task was difficult to perform. Though, with time I tried via my actions to assure her of her significance in my life. In intensifying stage, I gave my support, submission, and love though not much verbally; but I proved it by changing my preferences according to her priorities. With the passage of few months, I believe we felt one. Since our relationship was known to all. Therefore, we moved in social gathering as a committed couple. I liked to be known from her reference and relied on her approval more than ever. We used to hang out more and I was not hesitant to show my affection and her significance in my life. In integrating stage, we compromised on the shortcomings and enjoyed our time together. We both wanted a legal relationship and wanted approval from our families to make it a real one. Hence, we declared our engagement and things became very certain for both of us. Our bonding was strong and we both wanted to continue it till the rest of our lives. She planned and decided all the necessary rituals which needed to be performed for the wedding. Although, I am not much of a social wedding person; but I wanted to proceed with her plan because it was pleasing and exciting for her. This is how bonding process becomes more evident and firm when one cares and the other realizes the invested efforts of the partner. Now the next phase of the Knapp’s staircase relationship model entails differentiating, in this stage we both started highlighting the pessimistic personality effects we had. I did not like the interference of her sister’s boyfriend, Jack and her submission to him, and she wanted him to be in all the significant decisions related to our marriage or life. She used to discuss important aspects of our life with him and used to act on his advices or suggestions. This habit of hers annoyed me a lot. Similarly, she disliked my habit of becoming a decision maker in our life. She liked to take decision on her own and when I used to inquire a bout any important aspect, she immediately wanted me to quit the discussion. Later on, we started avoiding conversation on disputable matters. I did not inquire, why did she leave all of a sudden for a trip with her friends, neither she explained me anything. She simply told me she was leaving with her friends as it would be her last trip as a single girl, so I did not comment on the already taken decision. The

Financial Accounitng Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Financial Accounitng - Essay Example Revenues are realizable when assets received in exchange are readily convertible to known amounts of cash or claims to cash. Revenues are earned when the entity has performed its duties to be entitled to compensation. There are four main transactions of this kind: Revenue from selling inventory is recognized at the date of sale (usually interpreted as the date of delivery). Revenue from performing services is recognized when services have been performed and are billable. Revenue from permission to use company's assets (e.g. interests for using money, rent for using fixed assets, and royalties for using intangible assets) is recognized as time passes or as assets are used. Revenue from selling an asset other than inventory is recognized at the point of sale. However following are the exceptions to above rule. Revenues not recognized at the time of delivery The general rule says that revenue from selling inventory is recognized at the point of sale, but there are several exceptions. Buyback agreements Buyback agreement means that a company sells a product and agrees to buy it back after some time. If buyback price covers all costs of the inventory and related holding costs, the inventory remains on the seller's books. There was no sale. Returns Companies, which cannot reasonably estimate the amount of future returns and/or have extremely high rates of returns, should recognize revenues only when the right to return expires. Those companies, which can estimate the number of future returns and have a relatively small return rate can recognize revenues at the point of sale, but must deduct estimated future returns. Revenues recognized before delivery Long-term contracts This...If buyback price covers all costs of the inventory and related holding costs, the inventory remains on the seller's books. There was no sale. Companies, which cannot reasonably estimate the amount of future returns and/or have extremely high rates of returns, should recognize revenues only when the right to return expires. Those companies, which can estimate the number of future returns and have a relatively small return rate can recognize revenues at the point of sale, but must deduct estimated future returns. This exception primarily deals with long-term contracts such as constructions (buildings, stadiums, bridges, highways, etc.), development of aircraft, weapons, and space exploration hardware. Such contracts must allow the builder (seller) to bill the purchaser at various parts of the project (e.g., every 10 miles of road built). (3) The seller is expected to complete the project, then revenues, costs, and gross profit can be recognized each period based upon the progress of construction (that is, percentage of completion). For example, if during the year, 25% of the building was completed, the builder can recognize 25% of the expected total profit on the contract. This method is preferred. However, expected loss should be recognized fully and immediately due to conservatism principle. According to Completed, contract method should be

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example for Free

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Learning is a natural ability that is wired into many animals DNA; the way that humans should learn has been debated by the various educators because of the endless ways to teach. Teachers and parents take this matter seriously like Ralph Waldo Emerson in â€Å"From Education† and Todd Gitlin in â€Å"The Liberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut† who created essays on education; and Billy Collins in â€Å"The History Teacher† entail for then and who wrote a poem concerned with the status of education. These people show what the importance of education is entailing what learning should and should not involve; a teacher should respect and have patience for children; a teacher should also let a child have creativity and lessons of the past. Many teens do not respect their teacher which might be because the teacher does not respect them; as the golden rule goes, â€Å"treat others the way you would treat yourself†; Ralph Waldo Emerson in â€Å"From Education† would probably agree with this quote because he strongly believes that, â€Å"the secret of [e]ducation lies in respecting the pupil,† (page 102). Shows that Emerson understood what children are thinking then did something to help them by simply respecting them. Another big issue with education is patience; some people do not have enough patience to guide children to what they are supposed to learn. Emerson also believes that patience is an important part in education, â€Å"to regard the young [children, they require] no doubt, rare patience: a patience that nothing but faith in medial forces of the soul can give,† Emerson was trying to say that someone has to really care in order to teach information to children (page 105). Some people do not see the point in having art classes or history classes; the reason why is because art assists students to express themselves in a way that words cannot along with helping them find out what kind of person they truly are; and history is needed to teach children where they originated from; and to show them mistakes that other people in the past made so they will not make them again. Todd Gitlin in â€Å"The Liberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut† agrees with this â€Å"[students] need some orientation to philosophy, history, language, literature, music, and arts that have lasted more than 15 minutes,† (page 156) because students need the outlet to express themselves; or if they do not they would not learn morals then they would become exactly what people were trying to stop; as shown in â€Å"The History Teacher† by Billy Collins who stated, â€Å"the children would leave his classroom for the playground to torment the weak and the smart,† all because â€Å"[the teacher tries] to protect his students’ innocence he told them the Ice Age was really just the Chilly Age, a period of a million years when everyone had to wear sweaters. And the Stone Age became the Gravel Age, named after the long driveways of time,† this demonstrates how not teaching children lessons of the past which are the brood violence’ that others committed in history; by not teaching this history it affects children’s behavior in real life (page 143). Morals are right and wrong many people’s morals will differ; this is why teaching them is tricky because the teacher’s morals might not be the same as the parent’s morals. This is why some of the history in textbooks is sometimes just the summary of what really happened but not enough for the main point to be set across unlike in â€Å"The History Teacher† where, â€Å"the Spanish Inquisition [is] nothing more than an outbreak of questions such as â€Å"How far is it from here to Madrid? †,† and â€Å"the War of the Roses took place in a garden, and the Enola Gay dropped one tiny atom on Japan,† explains when a teacher goes too far in trying to protect student’s mind from bad; when only good is taught and everything else is censored then the students become the opposite; because they do not know the consequences of doing bad, which is why history is taught. As teachers and parents they have to let their students make their own choices as shown in â€Å"From Education† Emerson says, â€Å"it is not for you to choose what he shall know, [or] what he shall do,† shows that sometimes a student needs to find out the consequences the hard way, and let them choose what they want to learn (page 143). Education is needed in modern day society to help students and children grow and help the nation; by giving students proper education the teacher are not really helping the students but they are helping themselves. Teaching creativity helps a student express themselves; respect should be given so the student can give it back; patience is needed to help them understand; morals need to be taught through history so the student will make fewer mistakes; these are essential to a good education and an even better future: as shown by the writings of Billy Collins, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Todd Gitlin.

Creating Safe Environments Essay Example for Free

Creating Safe Environments Essay Collaboration with parents is one of the most challenging and critical issues that cause misunderstandings within the classroom and throughout the school building. It is a non-negotiable expectation among parents and teachers that include building a network between and among parents and teachers. It involves a sense of mutual respect as well as an understanding of different viewpoints. Teachers should be mindful that building relationships early in the school year will result in a positive classroom environment in which students have a secure place to learn. Parents and teachers should share expertise regarding the student in which information about learning styles are presented in a non-threatening manner. Teachers should be able to use limited amounts of teacher language so parents are able to understand expectations within the classroom as well as establish guidelines for following up on strategies at home. As a parent, I would appreciate a relationship with the person who spends most of the day with my child. I would gain insight into the way my child thinks in various situations to create a deeper understanding of relationships in the real world. The need for character education for parents lies in the fact that children should be shown examples of good character both at home and at school. â€Å"School has to build the work that the family does† (Lickona, 2009). Parents should unequivocally be involved and taught character education strategies. Much of what we see as teachers is a reflection of a poor home environment as parents who live complicated lives. Many are single parents and lack the time or resources to handle the complex problems of children today. They want nothing more than for their children to be successful, but as educators, it is our responsibility to provide resources for parents such as strategies and techniques, parenting courses with childcare and methods which foster values that all people should acquire in society. In this ever changing world, I, as a parent would welcome some insight to how my children are becoming part of the world they live in. This collaboration in character education should be purposeful as is our teaching. The purpose of character education should change the way the classroom works and feels, not just the way each member acts (Lichona, 1991).

Harmonization of International Commercial Law

Harmonization of International Commercial Law SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Introduction The international commercial law has grown and modified in twentieth century. Technological advances made international transactions easy and more efficient for the merchants to buy and sale across state borders. The move towards globalization comes with it several problems both for lawyers and legal systems. Outdated legal rules are obstacle to economic growth and technological development. Due to the economic demands there has always been a heavy tendency in international commercial law to uniform and harmonise. This assessment focuses on discussing the methods to achieve harmonization of international commercial law and the reasons of many areas of commercial law remain unharmonised. Harmonisation Harmonisation, is a process which may result in unification of law subject to a number of (often utopian) conditions being fulfilled, such as, for example, wide or universal geographical acceptance of harmonising instruments, and with wide scope of harmonising instruments which effectively substitute all pre-existing law. Harmonising instruments have two objectives. The first purpose is unification of law and the second purpose is creating a law reform when the current law unable to deal with developing commercial practices. The harmonisation of commercial law is considered a key factor in reducing the cost of doing business as it provides the certainty and predictability for the parties of a contract in international transactions.[1] Methods of Harmonisation A considerable number of methods came out to achieve these goals. These methods are; legislative (conventions, model laws and model legislative or treaty provisions), explanatory (legislative guides and legal guides for use in legal practice), and contractual (standard contract clauses and rules)[2] International Treaties or Convention International treaties or conventions are binding forces and will be applied directly but they are not effective unless it ratified by the nations. Treaties or conventions which represents hard law methods of harmonisation are the primary instruments. They usually embody a uniform law. Due to the international treaty reservations the degree of the uniformity decrease. Interpretation differences or mistakes may be dangerous for the uniformity of international conventions. The rules of international convention would classify the law applicable to the controversy, and the judge would make the selection of the applicable law of the jurisdiction which is highly foreseeable, fair and adequate. Conventions provide certainty of law, flexibility and adaptability however, there are some arguments against conventions. Individual nations do not intent to negotiate conventions as an equal partners. Because of this sovereignty problem may arise in the context of international commercial regulations. The negotiation and drafting process of international conventions are slowly and expensive process. Worldwide impact of conventions on domestic law reform appears to be less important impact than model laws or other soft law instruments. It is assumed that conventions decrease the competition between legal systems and regulatory arrangements. Conventions are specific and fragmentary in character. They lack coherence and consistency. Delays in ratification of the convention means it may take for a long time before the convention comes into force. They still dont have ability to react changing circumstances. They may create issues about their scope. The subject of the courts are interpretation of the statutory law and there is no guarantee that harmonised law will be interpreted in harmonised manner. International conventions are hard to amend in instances requiring a place to economic change or progress of technology or practice. Rigidity of the conventions during the treaty making process and their lack of flexibility discourages nations from implementing to international conventions. They announce uncertainty that no uncertainty existed before. Some examples of harmonising conventions are Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods , the Geneva Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods, UN Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment. Model Laws Model laws are more flexible than treaties and have no legal force, so they have soft law character. Soft law, policy declarations, guidelines or codes of conduct that set standard of conduct and not directly enforceable. Therefore, they are advisory. Domestic legislation changed for international trade to provide solutions for the international transactions. The model laws are facultative harmonising instrument which are not legally operative. With or without amendment individual nations may adopt model laws entirely or partly. However, with respect to unification their use is limited as adopting countries are under no obligation either to apply the law or accept it without variation. Furthermore, model laws mainly benefit t those countries whose law is underdeveloped in the area covered by the model law.[3] Modern Laws are more appropriate for the unification and modernization of national laws. Flexibility of the modern laws makes them easier to negotiate than a text containing obligations can not be changed. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration is a good example for model law. Large amount of jurisdiction have adopted it. In the modern global environment it is very powerful motivation for harmonization. Especially, for the developing countries which are moving from mixed or planned economies to a free market economy. Another successful instance in the area of international commercial law is the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. Legislative Guides or Legal Guides They have soft law character. They can be very detailed but their effect is limited because of their non-binding nature. Governments and legislators are the users of legislative guides. Legislative guides are ideally suited to an organization like UNIDROIT. When it is not achievable or essential to develop set of rules, legislative guides may be an alternative for giving explanations in respect of contract drafting. International Business Practice Guides International business practice guides are addressed at professional and trade associations. Generally, guides are educational practices that discusses technical, economic and real background of legal problems. Also they explain and find available solutions for the legal concepts and concludes by making recommendations. International Trade Terms International trade terms promulgated by non-governmental organization. If they incorporated into a contract they can have the force of law. INCOTERMS rules codifying custom and usage such as the ICCs Uniform Custom and Practice for Documentary Credits. This is, obviously, a reference to codifications and restatements by international scholars and practitioners such as UPICC and PECL.[4] Restatements Its addresses and potential users are not only contract drafters, but national and international legislators, arbitral tribunals and courts as well. Restatements of contract law promulgated by scholars and experts. They are advisory and they have soft law character. Principle of European Contract Law (PECL) Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) was published by the Lando Commission in 1995. This commission consisted on European contract law academics. It aims   to   produce   European   Commercial   Code.   Principles   are   more   limited   in   scope   and   they dont   have   legal   force.   However,   contracting   parties   may   agree   to   give   their   contracts   binding   effect   about   their   contract   subject.   Many   countries   followed   their   instructions   as   a   model   law   reform   project   and   parties   to   a contract   chose   them   to   govern   their   contract.   They   contributed   a   key   role   to   the   development   of   European   Contract   Law. Unidroit   Principles   of   International   Commercial   Contracts   (UPICC) UPICC   represents   the   legislative   codification   of   restatement   of   a   law   of   international   commercial   contract,   but   do   not   have   the   force   of   law.   They   offer   a   set   of   rules   produced   by   scholars,   which   cover   all   important   areas   of   general   contract   law   and   appear   to   be   a   resource   for   those   courts   and   arbitral   tribunals   who   find   them   helpful.[5] Although   these   principles   are   not   binding,   they   have   managed   to   earn   recognition   around   the   world,   in   academic   circles   and   practice.   UPICC   can   response   the   questions   that   not   covered   by   the   CISG.   These   are   would   be   fraud,   authority   of   agents,   third   party   rights   and   others.   UPICC   is   more   comprehensive   instrument   than   CISG.   UPICC   often   applied   as   a   gap   filler   to   interpret   and   supplement   law   instruments   and   specifically   the   CISG. Institutions Intergovernmental   and   non-governmental   agencies   have   been   involved   in   the   harmonisation   process. International   Institute   for   the   Unification   of   Private   Law   (UNIDROIT) UNIDROIT   is   an   intergovernmental   agency   that   interested   with   not   only   commercial   law   but   also   whole   private   law.   Management   of   researches   and   drafting   conventions   are   the   purposes   of   UNIDROIT.   UNIDROIT   has   produced   conventions   which   designed   to   operate   besides   the   Vienna   Convention   on   Contracts   for   the   International   Sale   of   Goods   and   covering   international   factoring,   international   finance   leasing   and   agency.   UNIDROIT   consists   of   General   Assembly,   the   Governing   Council   and   the   Secretariat.   UNIDROIT   put   into   use   to   enforcement   of   international   agreement   or   convention   that   requires   the   approval   of   its   member   countries. The   problem   is   tha t   trade   law   rules   different   from   one   state   to another.   It   produced  Ã‚   a   Hague   Convention   which   uniform   law   on   international   sales. United   Nations   Commission   of   International   Trade   Law   (UNCITRAL) UNCITRAL   is   an   intergovernmental   agency   that   promulgates   conventions,   model   laws   and   other   instruments.   Especially,   it   shapes   a   model   law   which   implements   to   international   commercial   arbitration   when   each   party   to   the   arbitration   has  Ã‚   its   place   of   business   in   a   different   country.   UNCITRAL   also   organizes   the   activities   of   the   different   agencies   involved   in  Ã‚   international   trade   law.   UNCITRAL   aims   to   help   remove   barriers   to   international   trade.   The   most   important   product   which   is   constituted   by   UNCITRAL   is   the   Vienna   Convention   On   Contracts   for   the   International   Sale   of   Goods.   It   aims   to   harmonise   the   rules   governing   the   design   of  Ã‚   rights   and   duties   under   international   sales   contract. The   difference   between   UNCITRAL   and   UNIDROIT   is   UNIDROIT   was   set   up   to   promote   the   dynamic   harmonisation   of   private   law   and   also   including   commercial   law   whereas   UNCITRAL   is   a   specialist   body   of   United   Nations   devoted   to   the   harmonisation   of   international   trade   law. International   Chamber   of   Commerce (ICC) ICC   which   has   an   non-governmental   body   promotes   trade   by   opening   markets   and   encouraging   the   flow   of   capital.   Having   a   non   law   producing   body,   ICC   deals   with   unifying   and   harmonising   commercial law   using   soft   law   methods.   Therefore,   ICC   does   not   focus   on   the   preparation   of   international   conventions   or model   laws.   ICC   promotes   uniform   trade   terms,   uniform   rules   and   model   forms   which   are   adopted   by   contracting   parties.   As   a   result   of   this   ICC   would   not   convenient   for   the   development   of   uniform   rules, preference of   competing   property   rights   or   the   jurisdiction   of   courts.   It   accomplishes   legal   studies   on   topic   and   provides    and   arbitration   service   for   disputes. It   represents   two   important   international   trading   instruments.   In   the   area   of   international   dispute   resolution   the   ICC   Court   of   International   Arbitration   is   a   leading   institutions.   These   are   INCOTERMS   and   The   Uniform   Customs and   Practice   for   Documentary   Credits.   They   do   not   have   any   legal  Ã‚   status   and   reach   their   legal   effect   through   contract..   INCOTERMS   sets   out   rights   and   duties   for   the   parties   of   international   contract.   ICC   rules   has   a   fairly   high   influence. New   Lex   Mercatoria New   lex   mercatoria   is   very   different   from   medieval   lex   mercatoria.   New   lex   mercatoria   can   be   derived   from   various   sources.   The   growth   of   international   trade   and   the   influence   of   mercantile   usage   have   led   several   influential   scholars   to   conclude   that   there   exist   a   body   of   uncodified   international   commercial law,   the   new   lex   mercatoria,   which   has   normative   force   in   its   own   right   and   is   dependent   neither   on   incorporation   by   contract   nor   on   adoption   by   legislation   or   judicial   reception   in   a   national   legal   system.[6] Now   both   professional   associations   and   legal   scholars are   working   for   the   codification   of   new   lex   mercatoria. It   is   suggested   that   new   lex   mercatoria   might   consist   of   international   trade   usages.   It   has   been   suggested   that   they   might   include   concepts   such   as   UNIDROIT   Principles   of   International   Commercial   Contracts   and   the   ICCs   Uniform   Custom   and   Practice   for   Documentary   Credits.[7] Reasons   of   Unharmonised There   may   be   some   obstacles   about   harmonisation   process   that   it   causes   international   commercial   law   to   remain   unharmonised.   These   obstacles   are   would   be   differences   in   political   view,   language   difficulties,   personality   clashes   and   one   sides   concern   about   another   side   that   taking   too   much   dominant   role. Harmonisation   is   lengthy,   slow   and   expensive   process.   Preparation   of   instruments   of   harmonization   requires   experience   of   the   time   and   hard   work.   This   is   also   correct   for   all   amendments   and   updates.   It   is   claimed   that   owing   to   the   trend   of   budgetary   constraints   cause   that   legal   harmonisation   may   lead   to   legal   fragmentation.   Economic   efficiency   needs   to   take   into   account. Sometimes   choosing   wrong   type   of   harmonising   instruments   is   also   another   reason   for   harmonisation   failure. Harmonising   efforts   have   limited   scope.   These   efforts   to   legislate   for   specific   topics ,   such   aspects   of   the   law   of   sale   or   unfair   contract   terms,   take   no   account   of   the   fact   that   the   treatment   of   such   topics   in   domestic   law   may   be   rooted   in   the   particular   legal   traditions   of   individual legal   systems.[8] Disparities   between   common   law   and   civil   law   traditions,   socialist   and   capitalist   systems   and   developed   and   developing   countries   creates   problem.   Differences   between   national   legal   systems   also   caused   international   commercial   law   to   remain   unharmonised.   Domestic   legal   systems   which   need   to   implement   the   harmonised   law   should   take into   account.   Although   the   approaches   to   contractual   interpretation   are   the   same,   the   exercise   in   practice   could   be   quite   contrary,   due   to   the   differences  Ã‚   between   civil   law   and   common   law   systems.   The   problem   is   distilliation   of   the   best   legal   rules   from   different   legal   systems   regardless   of   being   testedà ‚   in   the   laboratory   of   an   actual   system. International   contracts   that   considers   the   interests   of   both   parties,   needs   to   contribute   a   fair   balance   between   civil   law   and   common   law   systems   to   which   both   parties   belong   to.   Therefore,   it   is   difficult   to   provide   international   consensus. In   contract   law area   there   is   a   lack   political   support   of   harmonising   instruments   in   national   law. Some   scholars   have   argued   that   the   mere   existence   of   different   national   laws   is   a   reason   to   engage   in   harmonization   process.   Professor Stephan points out that divergences in national laws may cause legal   risk. In   his   view,   such   legal   risk   can   encourage   opportunism   by   commercial   parties   who   may,   for   instance,   race   to   litigate,   in   a   forum   that   will   suit   their   interests   in   case   something   goes   wrong   with   the   transaction.   One of the   pitfalls   of   the   existence   of  Ã‚   legal risk   is   that   at   the   dividing   line   between   risky and   non-risky   transactions   many   parties   may   desist   from   commercial.   Accordingly,   there   may   be   merit   in   reducing   legal risk   to   f oster.   commerce[9] However,   harmonisation   does   not   aim   to   bring   a   mechanical   lowering   of   risk.   It   may   optimize   the   risk,   rather   than   its   elimination. Domestic   law   is   capable   of   easy   amendment,   once   a   harmonised  Ã‚   instrument   has   been   accomplished,   signatories   are   locked   into   it   until   a   new   instrument   comes   into   force.   Unless   whole   individual   nations   adopt   the   new   instrument,   there   may   be   more   divergence   then   there   was   previously.   Harmonising   institutions   needs   to   deal   with   this   problem.   They   need   to   prevent   the   crystallization   of   harmonisation.   There   are   two   aspects   about this   problem.   First   of   all,   excessive   time   taken   to   create   international   legal   instruments.   Secondly,   it   is   excessively   takes   long   time   for   nations   to   ratify   the   harmonized   law. Many   lawyers   remain   doubtful   and   hostile   to   the   harmonisation   attempts.   Lawyers   and   legal   systems   are   unwilling   to   give   up   their   own   laws.   It   is   considered   by   them   that   their   own   laws   are   superior.   It   is   probably   they   also   scare   that   their   national   laws   would   lose   their   dominant   position. Due   to   the   differences   in national   laws   cross-border   transactions   are   limited.   Also   nations   which   have   a   strong   sense   of   superiority   of   their   own   laws   might   unwilling   to   changes   where   these   are   limited   to   transactions   between   businesses   in   different  Ã‚   states. Issues   of   sovereignty   may   arise   in   the   context   of   international   trade   regulation.   Also   some   language   difficulties   creates   obstacles   for   harmonisation   process.   Accurate   and   clear   drafting   is   very   important   to   prevent   misunderstandings.   Planning   and   management   project   of   harmonisation   process   is  Ã‚   not   easy.   Meetings   may   not   be   successful   to   make   essential   progress. Problems   with   Institutions There   are   some   arguments   about   harmonization   interests   the   very   nature   of   the   bodies   that   play   a   role   in   this   area.   These   institutions   are   bodies   of   experts   and   can   not   please   with   traditional   democratic   standards   imposed   on   national   legislatures.   They   are   not   accountable   like   national   bodies.   This   is   the   weakness   of   institutions.   Lobbies   and   interest   groups   may   influence   the   law   in   favour of   themselves.   The   less   powerful   ones   would   not   be   able   to   say   any   things   in   the   drafting   process   so,   international   conventions   and   legislatures   are   saddled   with   a   take   it   or   leave   it   options.   Duplication   of   efforts,   co-o rdination   of   work,   inconsistency   of   policy   and   waste   of   resources   are   the  Ã‚   other   problems   that   institutions   need   to   deal   with   during   the   legal   harmonisation   process. Conclusion The   harmonisation   of   international   commercial   law   does   not   completely   eliminate   conflicts   but   it   helps   to   reduce   them. A   proper   reform   of   our   commercial   law   requires   a   careful   study   of   developments   in   other   jurisdictions   in   both   civil   law   and   common   law.   It   is   assumed   that   perfect   harmonisation   is   not   an   achievable   target.   All   states   have   different   national   strategic   interests   therefore,   full   harmonisation   is   politically   impossible  Ã‚   in   certain   areas   of   law. Bibliography Books Goode, R. , Kronke, H. , McKendrick, E. , Transnational   Commercial   Law;   Text,   Cases   and   Materials,   1st   edn. , Oxford,   Oxford   University   Press,   2007 -Goode, R. , McKendrick, E. , Goode   On   Commercial   Law; Edited   And   Fully   Revised   By   Ewan   McKendrick,   4th   Edition,   Penguin   Books,   2010 -Bradgate, R. , Commercial   Law, Oxford,Oxford   University   Press,   2005 Journals -Mistelis, L. , Is Harmonisation a Necessary Evil? The Future of Harmonisation and New Sources of International Trade Law,   2001 Faria, J.A.E. ,   Future Directions of Legal Harmonisation and Law Reform : Stormy Seas or Prosperous Voyage? Unif.   Law   Rev,   2009 -Osborne, P.J. ,   Unification or Harmonisation: A Critical Analysis of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,  Ã‚   August 2006 Korzhevskaya, A. Do We Still Need a Convention In The Field Of Harmonisation Of The International Commercial Law ,   FESCO Transportation Group, (Moscow, Russia) 2014 Gopalan, S. , From Cape   Town   to   the   Hague: Harmonization   Has   Taken   Wing, August   2015 [1] L. Mistelis,   Is Harmonisation a Necessary Evil? The Future of Harmonisation and New Sources of International Trade Law,   2001,   p.4 [2] J.A.E Faria, Future   Directions   of   Legal   Harmonisation   and   Law   Reform : Stormy   Seas   or Prosperous   Voyage , 2009, p.8 [3] P.J. Osborne, A   Critical   Analysis   of   the   United   Nations   Convention   on   Contracts   for   the   International   Sale   of   Goods   1980,   August   2006,   p.6 [4] R.   Goode,   H. Kronke,   E. McKendrick,   Transnational   Commercial   Law; Text,   Cases   and   Materials, 1st   edn. , Oxford   University   Press,   2007,   p. 169 [5] A.Korzhevskaya, Do   We   Still   Need   a   Convention   In   The   Field   Of   Harmonisation   Of   The International   Commercial   Law,   FESCO   Transportation   Group   (Moscow, Russia) , 2014,   p.89 [6] Goode   and   E. McKendrick,   Goode   on   Commercial   Law,   Edited   and   Fully   Revised   by   Ewan   McKendrick,   4th   edn. , Penguin   Books,   p.20 [7] R. Bradgate,   Commercial   Law,   3rd   Edition,   Oxford   University   Press,   2005,   p.17 [8] R. Bradgate,   Commercial   Law,   3rd   Edition,   Oxford   University   Press,   2005,   p.17 [9] S. Gopalan,   From   Cape   Town   to   the   Hague: Harmonization   Has   Taken   Wing,   August   2015,   p.12

Religion and the Media Essay -- Papers

Religion and the Media In the world we live in today people have revolutionized the image of religion, so that it is now regarded as a pastime instead of it solely being about God. In today's world media has evolved to be much more powerful than religion, and therefore some say that media is taken more seriously. After observation of the TV channels broadcasting specific religious programmes, I saw that all terrestrial TV channels had at least one hour a week of religious programmes. The government issues the license enabling TV companies to broadcast, and has a significant role in deciding on what has to be shown. In each TV channels broadcasting charter it is stated that they must "provide an average of at least two hours a week of religious programmes." This means that if a TV channel does not show this minimum amount their license could be evoked. It is very obvious why the government is concerned about religion in the UK since only 48 per cent of UK residents claim to belong to a religion, compared to 89 per cent in the United States and 92 per cent in Italy. Also two-thirds of 18-24 year olds in the UK, say that they have no religious affiliation compared to just a quarter in Spain. Nearly all religious programmes are aired at non-prime time slots, with the exception only being Songs of Praise on Sundays from 17.45-18.15. This suggests that the TV companies see broadcasting religious programmes as something they must to do, and not something they wish to do. We see further evidence of this by Reverend Ernest Rea words, who was the head of religion and ethics at the BBC. Revd Ernest Rea explains that "religion is... ...e put more thought on deciding how to end this moral issue, so there is a fair equilibrium on what the Soap represents. I am not suggesting that they should exalt religion and not take into consideration the moral side of things, but what I am saying is that there has to be a fine balance. Christians believe that life is sacred and that no one has the right to take away this gift that God has given us. The sanctity of life is first described in Genesis 1:27 "So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them". From this biblical quote we can conclude that if God has created us in the image of Himself, then therefore each human exists as an expression of God and his character. Then this would surely mean that human beings cannot destroy this sacred image in anyway.

Personal Essay - I Welcome the Challenge -- Personal Narrative, essay

I have learned a great many things from playing soccer. It has changed my entire outlook on and attitude toward life. Before my freshman year at Cool high school, I was shy, had low self-esteem and turned away from seemingly impossible challenges. Soccer has altered all of these qualities. On the first day of freshman practice, the team warmed up with a game of soccer. The players were split up and the game began. However, during the game, I noticed that I didn't' t run as hard as I could, nor did I try to evade my defender and get open. The fact of the matter is that I really did not want to receive the ball. I didn't' t want to be the one at fault if the play didn't' t succeed. I did not want the responsibility of helping the team because I was too afraid of making a mistake. That aspect...

The Choice to Marry :: Essays Papers

The Choice to Marry John Stuart Mill, an ardent and foundational liberal theorist, aims for apparently thorough women’s liberation through freedom and equality. To the extent that he succeeds and fails, it is largely because of his liberal understanding of humans as partially constituted by their social situation and yet partially autonomous sources of reason. Mill, following Wollstonecraft, argues that women have been systematically undereducated and neglected by society, thus channeled into a marginalized status. This condition is then used as evidence of the inferiority of women in justification and reinforcement of the very structures that constitute women (Mill 23). For this problem, Mill offers a solution of institutional change that alters the mindsets of individuals in society, and structurally transforms the laws and norms that marginalize women. Mill’s basic goal is for women to gain formal equality, from which substance will follow. He also calls for liberty, partly as an extension of equality and partly as ability for a woman to define and determine herself (in ways, he later clarifies, that â€Å"mankind be †¦ better off† (Mill 85)). Therefore, just as men, with whom women ought to be made equal, can decide what career they would pursue, so too should women be allowed to select if they become a chemist, shopkeeper, or wife. However, in the case that a woman chooses to be married, she should take on domestic duties, as he suggests this is what it means to become married. She may still keep whatever extraneous pursuits she chooses, so long as they do not conflict with her domestic duties. In this step, Mill retreats from â€Å"profession† as an entirely determined term, to one with some allowance for variations on the theme, wherein â€Å"freely chosen† side activities can be added to the married woman’s role. For Okin, Mill’s premise of liberal feminism may be acceptable, but his neglect for the economic and daily realities of domestic duties discredits his conclusions. Economically, Okin accepts Mill’s advocacy of independent property for husband and wife, but complains that this formal equality of parallel property entitlements forgets that women in domestic roles will not create the property men do, because their work is unpaid (Okin 228-299). Mill’s â€Å"assumption of the immutability of the family structure† (Okin 228) also reinforces the conditions which initially gave rise to women’s distortion into the beings who men consider inferior and more simply forces upon women the drudgery of homemaking.

Ap Economics Study Questions

AP Economics Final Exam Study Sheet v2010 (Mankiw) 1. Economics deals primarily with the concept of? 2. Economists use the word equity to describe†¦? 3. What you give up to obtain an item is called your 4. A furniture maker currently produces 100 tables per week and sells them for a profit. She is considering expanding her operation in order to make more tables. Should she expand? 5. Rational people make decisions at the margin by†¦? 6. The term market failure refers to†¦? 7. An example of an externality? 8. Productivity is defined as? 9. An increase in the overall level of prices in an economy is referred to as? 10. Which of the following items is not a factor of production? 11. Which markets are represented in the simple circular-flow diagram? 12. Production is efficient if the economy is producing at a point†¦.? 13. (Production Possibilities Graph). The economy has the ability to produce at which point or points? 14. A production possibilities frontier shifts outward when†¦? 15. Trade can make everybody better off because it†¦? 6. For each good produced in a market economy, the interaction of demand and supply determines†¦? 17. A competitive market is a market in which†¦? 18. A monopoly is†¦? 19. A likely example of complementary goods for most people would be†¦? 20. A likely example of substitute goods for most people would be†¦? 21. The law of demand says†¦? 22. (Demand Graph) The movement from point A to point B on the graph would be cau sed by†¦? 23. An increase in demand is represented by†¦? 24. According to the law of supply†¦? 25. If the number of sellers in a market increases, what conditions would you expect? 26. (Supply Graph) The movement from S to S1 is called? 27. (Supply Graph) The movement from S to S1 could be caused by? 28. The unique point at which the supply and demand curves intersect is called†¦? 29. (Supply and Demand Graph) Equilibrium price and quantity are? 30. (Supply and Demand Graph) Determine price and quantity 31. (Four different Supply and Demand Graphs) Which of the four graphs represent the market for peanut butter after a major hurricane hits the peanut-growing south? 32. Four different Supply and Demand Graphs) Which of the four graphs represents the market for winter coats as we progress from winter to spring? 33. (Four different Supply and Demand Graphs) Which of the four graphs illustrates an increase in quantity supplied? 34. During the last few decades in the United States, health officials have argued that eating too much beef might be harmful to human health. As a result , there has been a significant decrease in the amount of beef produced. Which of the following best explains the decrease in production? 35. In general, elasticity is a measure of†¦?

Frankenstein Blade Runner

Frankenstein Blade Runner Essay Analyse how ‘Frankenstein’ and ‘Blade Runner’ Imaginatively portray individuals who challenge the established values of the time. In your response, refer to both excerpts below. i) ‘Slave, I before reasoned with you, but you have proved yourself unworthy of my condescension. Remember that I have powers, you believe yourself miserable, but I can make you so wretched that the light of day will be hateful to you. You are my creator, but I am your master;-obey! ’ ii) the still of Roy holding Tyrell’s faceThrough the relationship between the characters of Victor and his creature, Shelley challenges nineteenth century values about the role of science, the benefits of ambition and fame and the dominance of nature by man. Similarly Scott develops the characters of Roy and Tyrell to challenge the same assumptions about science and nature but he does so in a context of technological development that allows multinatio nal corporations to exploit on a massive scale. Both texts also explore the larger issue of human values, asking what potential lies in a human and whether we can readily define human nature.In Shelley’s novel, Victor’s portrayal challenges the assumptions of the previous eighteenth century that the progress of science is the most important human pursuit. He is the ‘The modern Prometheus† a Greek mythological human who stole fire from the gods and brought it back to earth. This story like Shelley’s questions the benefits and consequences of ambition. In Shelley’s Romantic context science is seen as a threat towards nature and Shelley conveys this threat through the hubris of Victor.Shelley explores Victor’s blind ambition to â€Å"penetrate into the recesses of nature and show how she works in her hiding-places†. Victor’s character is seen as self-absorbed and his ambition is fueled by selfish reasons â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source†¦would owe their being to me†. Victor’s character is obsessed to the point of moral blindness but when the creature is not perfect it quickly turns to hatred. Shelley’s imagery suggests decay rather than new life. â€Å"I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open†¦ How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe†.This characterisation of Victor and his lack of morals and blind ambition are all warnings against science and its unbounded progression. Similarly Roy’s confrontation with Tyrell, his creator, explores the powerful consequences of playing god with genetics, a new frontier of scientific experimentation. Scott challenges the established values, which worship science and the profits it can bring. Scott portrays Tyrell’s character as god-like, through the use of cinematic techniques, costume design and lighting. He is filmed from high angled shots empowering him in almost every sc ene.Scott uses a series of shots of Tyrell corporation over shadowing Los Angeles to build the image of Tyrell’s power and how much it dominates all. This corporation fueled by ambition is linked to the issues relevant to Scott’s context, the drive of the capitalist world and what the consequences may be if this ambition is not met with moral guidance. Scott uses costume design, with the thick lensed glasses as a metaphor for Tyrell’s moral blindness. The motif of eyes, used throughout the film, represent the window to the soul and Scott is saying that Tyrell’s window is damaged.Tyrell and Roy meet in Tyrell’s palace- like room, Tyrell is dressed in a huge kingly robe with candles bathing the room in a golden light, contrasting with the fake incandescent light that dominates the movie. Like Frankenstein’s creature, Roy has been made physically and morally superior to Tyrell his creator. In this scene the audience sees the creation come back to end the creator and the idea that science has progressed so far that is supersedes its creators is seen. This asks questions about the direction science should head in.Through the development of Victor and the creature’s relationship, questions are raised about the responsibilities of the creator and what values make us human. Victor makes a creature that he abandons to the harsh world where he is not understood. This shapes the way the creature is developed and supports the ‘blank slate’ idea of Shelley’s context. Shelley challenges the values that assume we are born with a certain fate and those who are bad deserve bad lives. She puts forward the Enlightenment idea that humans are ll born with the potential to be good. Shelly shows this through the relationship between Victor and the creature, who both need love and compassion; aspects of human nature that are given through nurture. The creature had been capable of impulsive acts of kindness as he res cues a child from the river and does acts of kindness for the De Laceys. Shelley uses this to represent the potential for good in human nature and that people are not predetermined but can be turned to evil if neglected: â€Å"I was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend†.These are the results of Victor’s blind ambition, self pity and disregard for his responsibilities, all unfavorable aspects of human nature. With neglect, the creature is doomed to only find pleasure in the acts of hate towards Victor, but even these acts are not satisfying as he is morally just, causing the creature to be constantly unhappy. Similarly, Roy’s development from a child-like selfishness to maturity, capable of love and compassion, challenges the belief that science can control its creations and that they are only valuable for profit.Tyrell’s corporation represents the greed and ambition that drives the world of Scott’s context, it represents the negative consequ ence of a world bent on profit at the expense of moral justness. The commercialization of science is seen as profitable, but as Scott shows, commercialization of science doesn’t take into account the act of giving ‘life’ and the responsibility due to the creation, it only works on profits and losses and as a result, the replicants are seen as a quantity. When science is commercialized, greed and ambition blind the morals that science needs.Scott shows this through the act of Roy, like Shelley’s creature, killing his creator, in revenge for neglect. The replicants’ ability to absorb experience and change, challenges the values that assume humans are the supreme measure of everything. Scott draws upon modern psychology to portray the replicants’ development as a means of discussing human nature, Ironically the genius replicant Roy proves Tyrell’s slogan â€Å"More human than human† when he gradually develops into a better human be ing than the humans themselves. Roy is firstly portrayed as a child as he compliments J. F’s toys and plays a sort of hunting game with Deckard.Like the creature Roy is new to life and â€Å"emotionally inexperienced†, but through his development of memories and experiences, he becomes â€Å"human†, learning empathy and love. This development in the replicants’ emotions is a strong parallel to the creature with the effects of neglect and the ability to be morally educated. The four-year life span is a guard against emotional development triggered by experience. Memories given to the replicants are â€Å"creations† that allow for control: â€Å"If we gift them the past we create a cushion or pillow for their emotions and consequently we can control them better. Roy’s development of love and compassion is expressed with Pris, this is shown through his howling and stuttering over her name after she has been killed. Roy also develops empathy wh ich is seen in saving Deckard. Scott uses Roy’s monologue to fully express to the audience how Roy has become â€Å"human†. He does this through dialogue â€Å"all these moments will be lost in time, like tears in rain† expressing loss and a desire to preserve memory. Through the metaphor of the dove ascending into the heavens, his spirit is released through the only living creature seen in the movie.Both the novel Frankenstein, and the film Blade Runner imaginatively portray individuals who challenge the established values of the time; both discuss the role of science, the benefits of ambition and fame and the importance of nurture. The characterization and the development of relationships between creator and creature holds the key in both texts to not only challenging the contemporary values of the 19th and 20th century, but also issues and question about life and humans that have been dwelled upon over many centuries.